商周時代(dai)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)藝術是最具民(min)族特色的(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)藝術形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。這一時期(qi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)大致分為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)鳥獸形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)上的(de)立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)及純觀(guan)賞(shang)性的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)品三類。鳥獸形(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)指造型作鳥獸形(xing)(xing)的(de)“尊”，如犀尊、象尊、鸮尊等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)上的(de)立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)，包括在(zai)(zai)器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)表面的(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)性浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)和在(zai)(zai)提、蓋、耳、足等部位的(de)小型立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)，立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)都以(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)或半立(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)象出現，形(xing)(xing)象生動夸張而又(you)服從于器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)(min)的(de)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)造型與裝(zhuang)飾(shi)要(yao)(yao)求。純觀(guan)賞(shang)性的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)數量(liang)不多，但頗(po)具藝術價值。

漢(han)代(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)雕塑，以善(shan)于刻畫特定人物的表情動態見稱。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)初(chu)期以兩廣(guang)地區(qu)的幾組銅(tong)俑為(wei)代(dai)(dai)表，廣(guang)西(xi)(xi)貴縣風流嶺(ling)墓(mu)的一件身著盔甲的跽坐(zuo)銅(tong)俑，高39厘(li)米(mi)；伴一匹青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)馬，高約115厘(li)米(mi)，姿態雄健威(wei)武，是(shi)繼秦代(dai)(dai)銅(tong)車馬之后，西(xi)(xi)漢(han)前的大型青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)雕塑杰作。

廣(guang)西西林縣普馱(tuo)糧站銅鼓(gu)墓的一件(jian)青銅騎馬俑(yong)(yong)和一組(zu)青銅4人六(liu)博俑(yong)(yong)，造(zao)型(xing)亦甚生動(dong)，六(liu)博俑(yong)(yong)外形洗(xi)練，著(zhu)重刻(ke)畫因勝(sheng)負而引(yin)起的得意或沮喪(sang)神態。廣(guang)州動(dong)物(wu)園漢初辛偃墓有兩件(jian)鎏金侍(shi)(shi)女俑(yong)(yong)，出色(se)地刻(ke)畫了地位卑微而善良聰慧的侍(shi)(shi)女形象。

西(xi)漢(han)中后期，銅(tong)(tong)俑(yong)種類增加，優秀作品如陜西(xi)西(xi)安玉豐(feng)村的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)羽人，河北滿城劉勝墓的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)說唱俑(yong)，以及甘肅(su)靈臺、西(xi)安東郊、四(si)川資陽等地的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)六博俑(yong)。

銅羽人長臉(lian)尖鼻、顴骨隆起，大耳過頂、肩臂生翼(yi)，作舉手微笑，反映了(le)當時封建貴族(zu)祈求“羽化登(deng)仙”的社會風尚。滿(man)城(cheng)劉勝墓出土的銅說唱俑，形貌服飾似胡人，滿(man)臉(lian)堆笑，逗人開懷(huai)。靈(ling)臺的4人六博銅俑，表(biao)情(qing)亦(yi)極生動。

陜西興平茂(mao)陵(ling)東側陪葬坑的(de)鎏金(jin)銅馬，高62厘(li)米，長76厘(li)米，筋(jin)骨(gu)勁健，金(jin)光熠熠，顯示了西漢后期(qi)雕塑(su)與冶鑄(zhu)的(de)卓(zhuo)越技藝。

東漢時(shi)期，政治安定，農業大為(wei)發展，使得人們過著(zhu)“谷物滿倉，牛羊成群”的(de)(de)安樂生活，反映(ying)在他們的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)明器中(zhong)，陶塑的(de)(de)豬(zhu)、狗，牛，羊、雞、鴨等家畜(chu)家禽以及(ji)糧食、井欄、爐灶，樓(lou)臺等小形(xing)模型(xing)，是很多見的(de)(de)，可(ke)說是漢代墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)突出特點，后代也或(huo)多或(huo)少地(di)承襲了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)風習(xi)。

這些塑(su)制品，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)豬狗之類(lei)，正(zheng)因(yin)其(qi)體積小，作(zuo)者更容易掌握(wo)形象，塑(su)出動態。如活潑(po)的小狗，豎耳卷尾，神氣活現，被塑(su)得(de)很有(you)生趣(qu)，豬則塑(su)得(de)肥胖，顯出行走困難的樣(yang)子。可(ke)以說(shuo)是(shi)做到(dao)了(le)各如其(qi)分(fen)。

在東(dong)漢(han)墓葬中，也有不少陶鞍馬(ma)，其體(ti)積(ji)與上述楊家(jia)灣漢(han)墓騎士馬(ma)相近，體(ti)軀(qu)造(zao)型矯鍵有力，肌肉緊縮夸張，特別(bie)突出了(le)馬(ma)的倔(jue)強性格，具有漢(han)代(dai)的精神氣質。

東(dong)(dong)漢陶(tao)塑品種增(zeng)多。反映農業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)有廣東(dong)(dong)佛山的(de)(de)插秧運肥陶(tao)水田模(mo)型、四川宜(yi)賓的(de)(de)持鍤執箕俑等；反映莊園經濟的(de)(de)，如河南陜縣及淅川由(you)部(bu)曲家兵守衛的(de)(de)陶(tao)水榭、四川新津的(de)(de)佩刀執鍤的(de)(de)部(bu)曲俑；刻畫農婦繁(fan)重(zhong)勞作的(de)(de)，有四川新津的(de)(de)背(bei)兒捧箕俑、河北內(nei)(nei)丘(qiu)的(de)(de)抱(bao)嬰舉燈俑等；反映家內(nei)(nei)勞作的(de)(de)，有山東(dong)(dong)高唐、河北石家莊及四川重(zhong)慶(qing)的(de)(de)庖廚俑、河北內(nei)(nei)丘(qiu)的(de)(de)舂米俑；反映醫療衛生(sheng)的(de)(de)，有河南南陽的(de)(de)針灸陶(tao)人。

最有特色的(de)(de)是反(fan)映娛樂生活的(de)(de)，有河(he)南洛陽(yang)的(de)(de)各種樂舞(wu)雜伎(ji)俑、靈寶張灣的(de)(de)綠釉六博俑、四川資陽(yang)的(de)(de)吹笙俑、成都天(tian)回(hui)山的(de)(de)伴(ban)唱俑與坐(zuo)式說(shuo)(shuo)唱俑、郫縣宋家林(lin)的(de)(de)立式說(shuo)(shuo)唱俑等。如天(tian)回(hui)山陶俑中的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)唱俑，高56厘米，坐(zuo)于圓榻(ta)上，右手(shou)(shou)揮舞(wu)鼓(gu)槌，左臂(bei)環抱圓鼓(gu)，著(zhu)長褲(ku)，赤(chi)腳(jiao)，似正說(shuo)(shuo)到精(jing)彩處，作手(shou)(shou)舞(wu)足蹈狀，成功地塑(su)造了一位民間說(shuo)(shuo)唱藝(yi)人的(de)(de)形象。

東(dong)漢動物(wu)陶(tao)塑(su)，形象十分生動。如(ru)河(he)南輝(hui)縣百泉(quan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)子母羊與陶(tao)狗(gou)、河(he)北(bei)滄州的(de)(de)(de)綠釉陶(tao)豬、四川成都、彭山及樂山等地的(de)(de)(de)大陶(tao)馬等。東(dong)漢木雕(diao)在河(he)西走廊發現較多(duo)，如(ru)武威東(dong)漢墓的(de)(de)(de)木雕(diao)舞俑與侍俑、木雕(diao)鎮墓獨角獸(shou)、木狗(gou)、木猴、木牛(niu)、木馬、木雞、木鵝等。

東漢青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)雕塑，有甘肅武(wu)威雷臺的青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)車馬(ma)儀仗俑群(qun)、湖(hu)南衡陽(yang)道子坪銅(tong)(tong)牽馬(ma)俑、貴州清平壩的青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)車馬(ma)、河(he)北徐水防陵(ling)出土的兩匹高116厘米的青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)大馬(ma)，河(he)南偃師李家村出土的鎏金(jin)銅(tong)(tong)奔(ben)羊、小(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)牛和小(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)馬(ma)等。

尤其造型精美、構思奇巧的(de)(de)銅(tong)奔(ben)馬(ma)(ma)，亦稱“馬(ma)(ma)踏飛(fei)燕”，通(tong)高34.5厘米，作(zuo)者(zhe)運用浪漫主義手法，設(she)計(ji)一匹(pi)飛(fei)馳電掣的(de)(de)駿(jun)馬(ma)(ma)，三足騰空(kong)，一足踩在展翅疾飛(fei)的(de)(de)鳥背上，側視(shi)的(de)(de)基本輪(lun)廓(kuo)呈倒三角(jiao)形(xing)，具有強烈的(de)(de)運動感，被譽(yu)為漢代青銅(tong)雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)奇葩。

一般按照成分來說，銅(tong)可以分為紫銅(tong)，黃銅(tong)，還有青(qing)銅(tong)和白銅(tong)。

紫(zi)銅(tong):紫(zi)銅(tong)的特點就(jiu)是導電性、塑性都較好，但強度、硬度較差一(yi)些，紫(zi)銅(tong)含其他成分很少(shao)，一(yi)般可以認定為(wei)純銅(tong)；

黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)由銅(tong)(tong)和鋅(xin)所組成的合(he)金(jin)，又(you)可細分為(wei)簡(jian)單黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)和復(fu)雜黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)，復(fu)雜黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)又(you)以第三組元冠名為(wei)鎳(nie)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)、硅黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)等，所以黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)就不(bu)是(shi)純銅(tong)(tong)了；

青(qing)銅(tong)系指除銅(tong)鎳、銅(tong)鋅合(he)金以外的銅(tong)基合(he)金，主要品種(zhong)有(you)錫青(qing)銅(tong)、鋁青(qing)銅(tong)、特殊青(qing)銅(tong)（又稱高銅(tong)合(he)金）；

白(bai)銅(tong)系指銅(tong)鎳系合金，是以鎳為主要添加元(yuan)素的銅(tong)基合金，呈銀白(bai)色(se)，有金屬光澤，故名白(bai)銅(tong)。

我(wo)們在選擇銅(tong)材(cai)料的(de)時候要看他的(de)他的(de)色(se)澤，一(yi)般鑄銅(tong)雕塑工藝品都是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)紫(zi)銅(tong)，紅(hong)銅(tong)，還(huan)有(you)黃(huang)銅(tong)。但(dan)是劣質(zhi)銅(tong)，銅(tong)材(cai)質(zhi)里(li)面(mian)含(han)有(you)雜(za)質(zhi)，用(yong)(yong)手(shou)一(yi)彎就斷成兩截，里(li)面(mian)可以看到有(you)黑色(se)雜(za)質(zhi)，這個(ge)是絕對不能采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的(de)。

銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品從工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)上來說可分為鍛銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)和(he)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)，鑄(zhu)銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)中最復(fu)雜的(de)一(yi)(yi)種，但是(shi)(shi)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)的(de)藝(yi)(yi)術表(biao)現形(xing)式具(ju)有(you)很(hen)強的(de)價值，是(shi)(shi)其他銅(tong)制(zhi)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品無法比擬的(de)，鑄(zhu)銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)大致要經(jing)歷塑(su)(su)型(xing) — 翻模(mo)具(ju) - 出原型(xing) — 做臘型(xing) — 修(xiu)臘型(xing) — 制(zhi)作型(xing)殼(ke) — 失臘焙燒(shao) — 鑄(zhu)造 — 清理(li)型(xing)殼(ke) — 焊接 — 打磨 — 組裝 — 做效果這13道工(gong)序(xu)，一(yi)(yi)個完(wan)美的(de)銅(tong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)藝(yi)(yi)術品才會制(zhi)作完(wan)成。

青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)點(dian)(dian) 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)低(di)、硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)(da)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)塑性(xing)強、耐磨、耐腐(fu)蝕、色(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)光(guang)亮等(deng)(deng)(deng)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)， 適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)、機械零(ling)件(jian)(jian)、軸承、齒(chi)輪(lun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)別(bie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、車(che)馬(ma)(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、農器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、貨幣、璽印與(yu)(yu)(yu)符(fu)節、度(du)(du)(du)量(liang)(liang)衡器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)、雜器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十二(er)大(da)(da)(da)類(lei)，其(qi)(qi)下(xia)又(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)細(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)若(ruo)干小(xiao)類(lei)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)類(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、最(zui)(zui)基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究 動植物(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)：“蟠虺(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”因圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盤繞(rao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇(she)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得(de)名，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。虺(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)典(dian)籍記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇毒 蛇(she)，所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)似蛇(she)而(er)(er)(er)(er)小(xiao)。“蟠虺(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”僅見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 “象(xiang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”與(yu)(yu)(yu)“象(xiang)鼻(bi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)見(jian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。象(xiang)，通相(xiang)(xiang)。既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溫順的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)，又(you)(you)常(chang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太平吉祥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征(zheng)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)將入相(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌(huang)。 “獸(shou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)帶(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”過去亦稱(cheng)(cheng)“狩(shou)(shou)帶(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帶(dai)(dai)狀裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)部(bu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)組(zu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)(dai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)(xi)周晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)。 幾(ji)何(he)(he)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：指(zhi)(zhi)菱(ling)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)相(xiang)(xiang)連成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：“圈帶(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”或(huo)(huo)稱(cheng)(cheng)“串珠紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔(fu)助紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)周時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“三(san)(san)角云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”常(chang)交錯(cuo)(cuo)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“菱(ling)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)斜(xie)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”多(duo)(duo)見(jian)雜以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“S”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo);“環(huan)(huan)帶(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，舊稱(cheng)(cheng)“公(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)連續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“S”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)波浪帶(dai)(dai)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)充(chong)(chong)填“竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”或(huo)(huo)環(huan)(huan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，流(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)(xi)周晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”很(hen)(hen)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)《呂(lv)氏(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)，“竊(qie)曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)，如(ru)蜷曲(qu)若(ruo)雙(shuang)環(huan)(huan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)目形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)端內曲(qu)呈一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)意頭(tou)狀者(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)足。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 國(guo)(guo)外 早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)元(yuan)前3000年就(jiu)已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，但用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)要(yao)(yao)晚(wan)得(de)多(duo)(duo)。最(zui)(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)6000年前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)巴比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)倫(lun)兩(liang)(liang)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域。蘇(su)美(mei)爾文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雕有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獅(shi)子(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)。荷馬(ma)(ma)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《伊利(li)亞(ya)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)》史詩(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)希臘火神(shen)(shen)赫斐斯塔司把銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)投入他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)爐，結果煉(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)阿基里(li)斯所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盾牌(pai)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(從(cong)(cong)殘(can)存人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)測(ce)得(de)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)67~95%);但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世紀已(yi)經(jing)知(zhi)道不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。威尼斯圣馬(ma)(ma)可(ke)(ke)(ke)教堂圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)書(shu)館收藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)11世紀希臘手抄(chao)本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列(lie)舉了(le)(le)(le)1磅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)2盎司錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，即8比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)來(lai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)近。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)堅硬(ying)(ying)，熔(rong)點(dian)(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低(di)，容(rong)易熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao);青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)純鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)堅硬(ying)(ying)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)適于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)炮管和(he)(he)(he)(he)機器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)軸承。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)替青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)本(ben)身有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)任(ren)何(he)(he)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)殊(shu)優點(dian)(dian)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)豐富(fu)。鐘青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受敲擊時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)洪亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)。其(qi)(qi)含錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1/4~1/7.雕塑青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)量(liang)(liang)低(di)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)1/10，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)加入鋅和(he)(he)(he)(he)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。鋅能(neng)(neng)(neng)提高(gao)(gao)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)，軸承合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通常(chang)含少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加入少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磷能(neng)(neng)(neng)改善其(qi)(qi)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強度(du)(du)(du);磷青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含磷量(liang)(liang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錠可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)1~2%，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)只(zhi)含微量(liang)(liang);它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)，特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)別(bie)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)塞、閥和(he)(he)(he)(he)套。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)錳青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它(ta)(ta)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)量(liang)(liang)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)或(huo)(huo)甚至不(bu)(bu)(bu)含錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，但含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)鋅和(he)(he)(he)(he)錳。除用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)錢幣;很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)幣實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣熱脹冷(leng)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo) 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)階(jie)段，即形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鼎(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，距今(jin)(jin)(jin)4500～4000年;鼎(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)即中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)包(bao)括夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)、西(xi)(xi)周、春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)及(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，延續(xu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間約一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)六(liu)百(bai)余年，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai);轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)末期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)-秦漢(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)逐步(bu)被鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)取代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅數量(liang)(liang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)減(jian)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)由(you)原(yuan)來(lai)禮(li)樂(le)(le)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)禮(li)儀祭祀，戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)活(huo)(huo)動等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)重要(yao)(yao)場合(he)(he)(he)(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)日(ri)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)，其(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)別(bie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)、構(gou)造(zao)(zao)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)、裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)轉(zhuan)折性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。 形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：距今(jin)(jin)(jin)4500~4000年龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)堯(yao)舜禹(yu)傳說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)紀載(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們已(yi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)冶鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。黃(huang)河(he)(he)、長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)游地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)遺(yi)址里(li)，經(jing)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)幾(ji)十處(chu)遺(yi)址里(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)。從(cong)(cong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)來(lai)看，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)： 1、紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)并存，并出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。甘(gan)肅(su)省(sheng)東(dong)鄉林家遺(yi)址，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀;河(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)唐(tang)山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)帶(dai)(dai)孔紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌(pai)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);河(he)(he)南省(sheng)登封王(wang)城(cheng)崗龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)內出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)含錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)7%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殘(can)片(pian)(pian)(pian);山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)襄汾陶寺墓(mu)地(di)內出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)完(wan)整(zheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鈴，系紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)膠州(zhou)三(san)(san)里(li)河(he)(he)遺(yi)址出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錐;山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)棲霞楊家圈出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘(can)片(pian)(pian)(pian)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)數量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甘(gan)肅(su)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海、寧夏(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)家文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)好(hao)幾(ji)處(chu)墓(mu)地(di)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)刀、錐、鉆、環(huan)(huan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鍛打的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)先(xian)進。 2、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)，多(duo)(duo)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日(ri)常(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)類(lei)，如(ru)刀、錐、鉆、環(huan)(huan)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)、裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)承認(ren)(ren)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們已(yi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)紅色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)陶鬶，且流(liu)(liu)口(kou)，腹襠部(bu)常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)模仿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鉚釘，如(ru)果認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鬶容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)(shang)(shang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鬶，爵、斝容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)經(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)或(huo)(huo)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)轉(zhuan)向禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)了(le)(le)(le)。 3、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)小(xiao)遺(yi)址也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)擁青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)多(duo)(duo)樸實(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、三(san)(san)角紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)何(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，絕無(wu)三(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)秘感。 鼎(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：包(bao)括夏(xia)(xia)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)、西(xi)(xi)周、春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)及(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，延續(xu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間約一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)六(liu)百(bai)余年。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)禮(li)樂(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)雜器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宗廟(miao)祭祀活(huo)(huo)動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)繁文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)縟節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)儀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)(ta)帶(dai)(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)圣性(xing)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)場合(he)(he)(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)最(zui)(zui)精(jing)美(mei)。禮(li)樂(le)(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)平。禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)包(bao)括烹炊器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)神(shen)(shen)像(xiang)類(lei)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)美(mei)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)常(chang)見(jian)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)饕(tao)餮(tie)(tie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)獸(shou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)距今(jin)(jin)(jin)五(wu)千(qian)年前長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)下(xia)游地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良渚文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，山(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)繼承了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。《呂(lv)氏(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)·先(xian)識》篇內云“周鼎(ding)著饕(tao)餮(tie)(tie)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)首無(wu)身，食人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未咽(yan)，害(hai)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)身”，故此(ci)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)把這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獸(shou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饕(tao)餮(tie)(tie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。饕(tao)餮(tie)(tie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)二(er)里(li)頭(tou)夏(xia)(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)周兩(liang)(liang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饕(tao)餮(tie)(tie)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)。西(xi)(xi)周時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)秘色(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)逐漸(jian)減(jian)退。龍(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鳳，仍然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母題。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)龍(long)(long)蛇(she)、鳳鳥(niao)兩(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)類(lei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)衍變(bian)(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 蟬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、西(xi)(xi)周常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟬紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，螭龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)盛(sheng)行(xing)(xing)，逐漸(jian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)據了(le)(le)(le)統(tong)治地(di)位，把其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)(duo)都擠(ji)掉(diao)了(le)(le)(le)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)突出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)巧絕倫(lun)，顯示出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)匠(jiang)師們巧奪天工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)(zao)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)陶質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)范(fan)(fan)(fan)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)(he)范(fan)(fan)(fan)法，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選料(liao)(liao)塑模翻范(fan)(fan)(fan)，花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)刻制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)究，渾鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)接、疊(die)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)非常(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟。隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)毋需(xu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失蠟法工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)進步(bu)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑲(xiang)嵌以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)增加美(mei)觀，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)。鑲(xiang)嵌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠松石。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)綠色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)(bao)石，至今(jin)(jin)(jin)仍應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)首飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)玉(yu)(yu)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)援戈(ge)，玉(yu)(yu)葉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛，玉(yu)(yu)刃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斧(fu)(fu)(fu)鉞(yue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隕(yun)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)，如(ru)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)刃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉞(yue)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)援銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刃，經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)刃均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)碩(shuo)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)。第(di)(di)(di)四(si)(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嵌紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獸(shou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)來(lai)鑲(xiang)嵌裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)王(wang)劍(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 東(dong)周時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，冶鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)總結性(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)鐘鼎(ding)、斧(fu)(fu)(fu)斤、弋(yi)戟(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)頻繁，兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)迅速(su)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)吳(wu)、越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)'寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)，異常(chang)鋒利(li)，名聞天下(xia)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)劍(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匠(jiang)師，如(ru)干將，歐治子(zi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)雖已(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)下(xia)埋(mai)藏(zang)兩(liang)(liang)千(qian)多(duo)(duo)年，但仍然可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切開(kai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疊(die)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙張。越(yue)王(wang)勾踐劍(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)劍(jian)，其(qi)(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)經(jing)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學處(chu)理，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防銹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菱(ling)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、鱗片(pian)(pian)(pian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)火焰(yan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，異常(chang)華麗。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)點(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迄今(jin)(jin)(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止(zhi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)過任(ren)何(he)(he)肖像(xiang)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)，如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)方(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)鉞(yue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，但這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么(me)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)容(rong)。更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)，如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)或(huo)(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)座(zuo);或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，如(ru)鐘架(jia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)佩(pei)劍(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)舉手托住橫(heng)梁，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盤下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)男女待從(cong)(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)束，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)(ding)婢(bi)奴(nu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肖像(xiang)。四(si)(si)川廣(guang)漢(han)三(san)(san)星堆出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)像(xiang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)頭(tou)像(xiang)，大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)均(jun)超過正常(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，均(jun)長(chang)(chang)耳突目，高(gao)(gao)鼻(bi)闊口(kou)，富(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)神(shen)(shen)秘色(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。 商(shang)(shang)(shang)周青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)留(liu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)叫(jiao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)歷(li)史學者(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言起著證史、補史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)。凹(ao)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)(zi)樣，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)數文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)凸起，稱(cheng)(cheng)陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)周，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)個(ge)別(bie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋒利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)刻字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)(li)子(zi)。 西(xi)(xi)周晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，開(kai)始(shi)(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)完(wan)全(quan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)已(yi)經(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，連河(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)平山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)王(wang)漢(han)墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)典(dian)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)契刻而(er)(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)刀法異常(chang)圓(yuan)熟，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)價值。 古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)極(ji)其(qi)(qi)牢固，銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳流(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)朽，因此(ci)要(yao)(yao)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)必須鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)今(jin)(jin)(jin)天研(yan)究古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。 春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配合(he)(he)(he)(he)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)。《周禮(li)·考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)六(liu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：六(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐘、鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);五(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)(wei)斧(fu)(fu)(fu)斤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈(ge)戟(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)刃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);五(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)居(ju)(ju)(ju)二(er)，謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)削(xue)殺(sha)矢(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)半(ban)，謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)即青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)配方(fang)(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)量(liang)(liang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“鐘、鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)85.71%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)14.29%。“斧(fu)(fu)(fu)斤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)83.33%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.67%。“戈(ge)戟(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)80%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)20%。“大(da)(da)(da)刃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”所(suo)需(xu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)75%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25%。“削(xue)殺(sha)矢(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)二(er)，即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)71.43%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)28.57%。“鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即各(ge)(ge)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%。楊寬先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)合(he)(he)(he)(he)乎合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”①青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17%到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)20%最(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)堅韌(ren)(ren)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“斧(fu)(fu)(fu)斤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.67%，“戈(ge)戟(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)20%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斧(fu)(fu)(fu)、斤、戈(ge)、戟(ji)都需(xu)堅韌(ren)(ren)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)30-40%，硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“大(da)(da)(da)刃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25%，“削(xue)殺(sha)矢(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)28.75%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)需(xu)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)量(liang)(liang)增多(duo)(duo)，光(guang)澤(ze)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)從(cong)(cong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)色(se)(se)(se)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赤(chi)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)、橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)、淡(dan)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)30-40%，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)變(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“鐘鼎(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)14.29%，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)使(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)能(neng)(neng)(neng)呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)美(mei)觀，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)(neng)敲出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)美(mei)妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)光(guang)澤(ze)。 考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)湖(hu)北(bei)隨(sui)縣出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曾侯墓(mu)編鐘，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紐(niu)鐘19件(jian)(jian)，甬鐘45件(jian)(jian)，楚(chu)王(wang)贈送的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)镈一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)①經(jing)測(ce)音(yin)知(zhi)道，“這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)套編鐘系七聲(sheng)音(yin)階(jie)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)音(yin)律相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動頻率也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)標(biao)準相(xiang)(xiang)近，總音(yin)域跨五(wu)個(ge)八度(du)(du)(du)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)鋼琴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)域兩(liang)(liang)端各(ge)(ge)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)八度(du)(du)(du)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)套編鐘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)色(se)(se)(se)優美(mei)，音(yin)域很(hen)(hen)寬，變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音(yin)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)完(wan)備，能(neng)(neng)(neng)奏(zou)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曲(qu)調”②這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)組(zu)編鐘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)輝煌(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)動例(li)(li)證。 《周禮(li)·考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“凡鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與(yu)(yu)(yu)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)黑濁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，黃(huang)白(bai)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);黃(huang)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，然后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)冶金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)學道理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)(he)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)純物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)"黑濁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)"。錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)“黃(huang)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)”。溫度(du)(du)(du)再上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)揮(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，又(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)“青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)”。到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)“青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)”出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)完(wan)全(quan)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)冶煉(lian)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)了(le)(le)(le)。荀子(zi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)“刑(型(xing)(xing))范(fan)(fan)(fan)正，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)美(mei)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)冶巧，火齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)”。③這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)選擇、冶鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)(ji)巧、火候的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握等(deng)(deng)(deng)環(huan)(huan)節都要(yao)(yao)掌握好(hao)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。 春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)，突出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯(cuo)(cuo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯(cuo)(cuo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鑲(xiang)嵌金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)絲(si)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)或(huo)(huo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)、宋等(deng)(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)錯(cuo)(cuo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)初，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)片(pian)(pian)(pian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯(cuo)(cuo)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)，戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)符(fu)節、璽印、車(che)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)、帶(dai)(dai)鉤和(he)(he)(he)(he)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)扣上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)刻鏤(lou)(lou)畫像(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)起來(lai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壺、柸、鑒、奩上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)細(xi)如(ru)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻鏤(lou)(lou)畫像(xiang)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)畫，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)多(duo)(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)陸攻戰(zhan)(zhan)、狩(shou)(shou)獵、宴樂(le)(le)禮(li)儀等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)畫。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)畫是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼刀刻鏤(lou)(lou)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：指(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)末年至秦漢(han)末年這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。經(jing)過幾(ji)百(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兼并戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富(fu)國(guo)(guo)、強兵(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治、經(jing)濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)改革(ge)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郡縣制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)封制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央集權(quan)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封建社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)最(zui)(zui)終建立(li)，傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)儀制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)已(yi)徹底瓦解(jie)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)已(yi)廣(guang)泛使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)各(ge)(ge)領域均(jun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)翻天覆地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位逐漸(jian)下(xia)降，器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)日(ri)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)某些(xie)(xie)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，精(jing)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜西(xi)(xi)臨潼秦始(shi)(shi)皇陵(ling)掘(jue)獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)乘(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)馬(ma)(ma)。第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乘(cheng)駕四(si)(si)馬(ma)(ma)，車(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)棚，御(yu)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)坐(zuo)狀。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)乘(cheng)車(che)馬(ma)(ma)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)與(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)乎比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)，極(ji)其(qi)(qi)精(jing)巧。車(che)馬(ma)(ma)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)，通體(ti)施以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)彩(cai)(cai)繪。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)乘(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)，長(chang)(chang)3.17、高(gao)(gao)1.06米，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迄今(jin)(jin)(jin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巨大(da)(da)(da)、結構(gou)又(you)(you)最(zui)(zui)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)東(dong)漢(han)末年，陶瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)日(ri)益重要(yao)(yao)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)(er)把日(ri)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排擠(ji)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)去。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)已(yi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)地(di)位。隋唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)類(lei)精(jing)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。自此(ci)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)除了(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)(jing)外，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)再有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)什么(me)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)，因而(er)(er)(er)(er)本(ben)網(wang)對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究，至隋唐(tang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止(zhi)。

秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)，是(shi)陽剛之美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)俑(yong)(yong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)、墓(mu)(mu)前石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)從整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)看，也許(xu)遠不(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)后(hou)(hou)世(shi)那樣(yang)(yang)(yang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)巧(qiao)、細膩，而(er)(er)以(yi)拙重(zhong)、粗獷為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)特色(se)，然(ran)而(er)(er)正(zheng)是(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“客觀簡樸性(xing)”，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文化(hua)(hua)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)偶(ou)(ou)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)正(zheng)是(shi)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族頑(wan)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命力(li)(li)、強烈(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開拓、征服欲望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)寫(xie)(xie)照(zhao)。它(ta)繼承了(le)遠古(gu)以(yi)來，華夏(xia)民族所表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)，與(yu)自然(ran)抗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)以(yi)其(qi)恢宏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣勢(shi)和(he)力(li)(li)量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)推向(xiang)了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)峰(feng)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)主要表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)(xing)紀(ji)念(nian)性(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)性(xing)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)性(xing)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)也達到了(le)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大(da)氣魄和(he)強健精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史留(liu)下了(le)輝煌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)頁。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)著(zhu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)產生了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)大(da)飛(fei)躍。它(ta)規模(mo)(mo)大(da)，數量(liang)(liang)多，給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)最(zui)突出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)受是(shi)力(li)(li)求逼真，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)物(wu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寫(xie)(xie)實(shi)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。每(mei)(mei)個秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)俑(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)雖(sui)無雷(lei)同，均(jun)通過人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)動作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)畫，各自神(shen)(shen)態(tai)(tai)(tai)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生動傳神(shen)(shen)。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)靈活(huo)(huo)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)，具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)強烈(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)感(gan)染力(li)(li)。“漢(han)(han)(han)(han)承秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”漢(han)(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)化(hua)(hua)，形(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)雖(sui)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)大(da)，但表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)物(wu)件(jian)(jian)上(shang)卻比秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)比秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)富(fu)(fu)於動感(gan)，姿(zi)(zi)(zi)態(tai)(tai)(tai)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)，東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)題(ti)材(cai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)材(cai)料，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)分布(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)等方(fang)面都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴展(zhan)(zhan)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)大(da)量(liang)(liang)形(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)色(se)色(se)，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生活(huo)(huo)勞動場(chang)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俑(yong)(yong)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)樓、塢、堡等模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)題(ti)材(cai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容上(shang)更(geng)趨於生活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)，更(geng)真實(shi)廣(guang)泛，具(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生活(huo)(huo)場(chang)景。同時(shi)(shi)還表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)鮮明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)特色(se)和(he)民間風(feng)(feng)貌(mao)(mao)(mao)，如(ru)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)巴蜀風(feng)(feng)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身背竹(zhu)箆勞動婦女(nv)俑(yong)(yong)與(yu)袒博赤足、抱鼓，眉飛(fei)色(se)舞(wu)表(biao)(biao)演的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《說唱俑(yong)(yong)》。霍(huo)去(qu)病(bing)墓(mu)(mu)大(da)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)群，是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紀(ji)念(nian)性(xing)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)珍品(pin)，是(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)強盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)力(li)(li)和(he)積(ji)極進(jin)(jin)取(qu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)徵(zhi)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)特點表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)寓意，善於運用(yong)(yong)象(xiang)徵(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想內(nei)(nei)(nei)容。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)上(shang)，“為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)冢似祁連山(shan)”，以(yi)紀(ji)念(nian)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)勛。配(pei)置豎石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)動物(wu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，獨創的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)展(zhan)(zhan)示了(le)深山(shan)野林(lin)(lin)猛獸(shou)(shou)出(chu)(chu)(chu)沒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)意境(jing)，《馬(ma)(ma)(ma)踏匈奴(nu)》是(shi)整(zheng)組石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)徵(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)。并巧(qiao)妙地(di)(di)運用(yong)(yong)“因勢(shi)象(xiang)形(xing)(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)和(he)靈活(huo)(huo)地(di)(di)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)圓雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、線(xian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)綜合(he)(he)運用(yong)(yong)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)也很有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特色(se)。“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)瓦(wa)”將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、書法(fa)結為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇妙結合(he)(he)，是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)特色(se)。畫像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)畫像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)繪畫與(yu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)結合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)變化(hua)(hua)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)，同樣(yang)(yang)(yang)獨具(ju)民族特色(se)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)傳統(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鳳(feng)翔西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)村春秋時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)宮(gong)(gong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)22厘米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俑(yong)(yong);戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)昭王(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽興(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)橫(heng)橋(qiao),曾雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)忖留(liu)神(shen)(shen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)；此外,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蜀郡(jun)都(dou)江(jiang)堰又雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)鎮水(shui)(shui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)牛。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)，玉(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步(bu),據(ju)(ju)晉(jin)王(wang)嘉《拾遺(yi)記(ji)》記(ji)載,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)玉(yu)(yu)善畫工(gong)烈(lie)(lie)裔,“刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)玉(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百(bai)獸(shou)(shou)之形(xing)(xing),毛(mao)發(fa)宛若真矣(yi)。”另據(ju)(ju)《三輔(fu)黃圖》記(ji)載，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)加固(gu)擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)橫(heng)橋(qiao)時(shi)(shi)，曾雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)古(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)力(li)(li)士孟賁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)；營建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驪山(shan)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園時(shi)(shi)，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)一(yi)(yi)(yi)對(dui)頭高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)丈三尺(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)麒麟，開啟了(le)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)前雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獸(shou)(shou)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獅(shi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辟(pi)邪(xie)之先(xian)(xian)河(he)。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)紀(ji)念(nian)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su) 據(ju)(ju)《史記(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)本紀(ji)》記(ji)載:“二(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)……收天下兵，聚之咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽，銷(xiao)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鐘(zhong)□金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)十(shi)(shi)二(er)，重(zhong)各千石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，置廷(ting)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。賈誼《過秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)論(lun)》亦有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“銷(xiao)鋒鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)□，以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)十(shi)(shi)二(er)”之語。參考1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)湖北(bei)隨縣(xian)曾侯(hou)乙墓(mu)(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)編鐘(zhong)架形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)，可知秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)“鐘(zhong)□金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)十(shi)(shi)二(er)”，即(ji)是(shi)供咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)具(ju)曲尺(chi)形(xing)(xing)雙層編鐘(zhong)架上(shang)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)立(li)柱。另據(ju)(ju)《漢(han)(han)(han)(han)書·五行志(zhi)》、《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)京賦》、《水(shui)(shui)經(jing)·河(he)水(shui)(shui)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)》及(ji)(ji)(ji)《三輔(fu)舊事》等文獻記(ji)載，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)六(liu)國(guo)后(hou)(hou)，曾鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)12個“各重(zhong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)萬斤(jin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“金(jin)(jin)狄”，即(ji)12個身著(zhu)“夷(yi)狄服”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),配(pei)列在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)阿房殿(dian)前,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)胸(xiong)前刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)李斯撰寫(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)贊頌秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文，其(qi)政治(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)可低估。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側，出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)乘(cheng)(cheng)大(da)型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)，每(mei)(mei)乘(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)括四(si)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)車(che)(che)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)馭(yu)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),車(che)(che)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)形(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)相當(dang)實(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2，每(mei)(mei)乘(cheng)(cheng)總重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)達1200公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)以(yi)上(shang),鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)分精(jing)(jing)(jing)良,形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生動(見彩圖銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)) 陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)臨潼秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)坑(keng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu))。一(yi)(yi)(yi)號帶傘蓋(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)，馭(yu)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)立(li)姿(zi)(zi)(zi),其(qi)性(xing)質當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)車(che)(che)；二(er)號作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)篷蓋(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che),馭(yu)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)呈坐(zuo)姿(zi)(zi)(zi),其(qi)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)轡繩(sheng)末端刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“安(an)車(che)(che)”等字(zi)銘(ming)。據(ju)(ju)考證，此車(che)(che)系(xi)仿照(zhao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)巡視全國(guo)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)御乘(cheng)(cheng)而(er)(er)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，旨在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)紀(ji)念(nian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)“平(ping)一(yi)(yi)(yi)宇內(nei)(nei)(nei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)業（見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)彩繪銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)）。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su) 即(ji)供隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)，主要是(shi)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偶(ou)(ou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)車(che)(che)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)及(ji)(ji)(ji)圉師俑(yong)(yong)、小型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)侍(shi)者(zhe)俑(yong)(yong)等兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。前者(zhe)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)臨潼縣(xian)驪山(shan)北(bei)麓(lu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園附(fu)近；后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)南(nan)泌(mi)陽縣(xian)官莊村秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),共有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)木俑(yong)(yong)4件(jian)(jian)，身高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)11～16厘米(mi),面形(xing)(xing)渾圓豐(feng)滿(man),俑(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)施彩繪,作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)拱手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)侍(shi)立(li)狀(zhuang),造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)甚古(gu)樸。據(ju)(ju)《史記(ji)·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)本紀(ji)》記(ji)載,始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)初即(ji)位,就(jiu)著(zhu)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)穿(chuan)治(zhi)驪山(shan)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他去(qu)世(shi)前，陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)已是(shi)“宮(gong)(gong)觀百(bai)官、奇器(qi)(qi)珍怪徙藏(zang)(zang)滿(man)之”。從20世(shi)紀(ji)40年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)起(qi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園東(dong)北(bei)隅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨潼縣(xian)焦家(jia)村附(fu)近，曾陸續出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)70厘米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圉師俑(yong)(yong)（馬(ma)(ma)(ma)□），作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)跽坐(zuo)姿(zi)(zi)(zi)態(tai)(tai)(tai)，造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)質樸優美。1974～1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園東(dong)垣外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨潼縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)楊村南(nan),地(di)(di)處東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)道之北(bei)側,先(xian)(xian)后(hou)(hou)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)3座埋(mai)藏(zang)(zang)大(da)型(xing)(xing)陶(tao)(tao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從葬(zang)(zang)(zang)坑(keng)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)數千件(jian)(jian)與(yu)真人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)真馬(ma)(ma)(ma)等高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)，其(qi)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)采用(yong)(yong)泥(ni)條盤筑(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)，頭像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)則運用(yong)(yong)模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)加手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。這批(pi)兵馬(ma)(ma)(ma)俑(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)著(zhu)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卓越成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)，再現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)軍奮擊百(bai)萬、戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)車(che)(che)千乘(cheng)(cheng)、勇于(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、怯(qie)于(yu)(yu)(yu)私(si)斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)風(feng)(feng)貌(mao)(mao)(mao),體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)王(wang)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極度(du)威嚴，其(qi)主要藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)特點是(shi)：形(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)大(da),崇尚寫(xie)(xie)實(shi),手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)嚴謹；類型(xing)(xing)眾多,個性(xing)鮮明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)生動；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)總體(ti)(ti)(ti)布(bu)局(ju)上(shang),利用(yong)(yong)眾多直立(li)靜止(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)復,造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)山(shan)倒海的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磅礴氣勢(shi)，令人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)產生敬畏而(er)(er)難(nan)忘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)象(xiang)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)和(he)東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)，主要包(bao)括石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、玉(yu)(yu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、陶(tao)(tao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、木雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)和(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍非常(chang)廣(guang)泛，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)技巧(qiao)迅速提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，舉(ju)凡大(da)型(xing)(xing)紀(ji)念(nian)性(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、園林(lin)(lin)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)及(ji)(ji)(ji)實(shi)用(yong)(yong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)等方(fang)面，均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)顯著(zhu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，留(liu)存至(zhi)今(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)遺(yi)物(wu)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke) 漢(han)(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)，突出(chu)(chu)(chu)地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)上(shang)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1對(dui)大(da)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),是(shi)原存陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)長安(an)縣(xian)常(chang)家(jia)莊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牽(qian)(qian)牛石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)斗門鎮內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織女(nv)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)者(zhe)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)相隔約(yue)(yue)3公(gong)(gong)里。據(ju)(ju)《漢(han)(han)(han)(han)書·武帝(di)紀(ji)》記(ji)載,它(ta)們是(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)武帝(di)元(yuan)狩三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前120)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)林(lin)(lin)苑“發(fa)謫吏穿(chuan)昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)池”時(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，按左(zuo)牽(qian)(qian)牛、右織女(nv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)(ge)(ge)式，設置在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)池東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)岸(an)，故(gu)而(er)(er)又稱(cheng)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)池石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。牽(qian)(qian)牛石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao) 258厘米(mi)，右手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)置胸(xiong)前,左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)貼腹，作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)跽坐(zuo)狀(zhuang)；織女(nv)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)228厘米(mi),作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)籠袖(xiu)姿(zi)(zi)(zi)態(tai)(tai)(tai)。這組石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)取(qu)材(cai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)牛郎織女(nv)神(shen)(shen)話故(gu)事，均(jun)用(yong)(yong)花崗巖雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)形(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)大(da)，是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)園林(lin)(lin)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷史上(shang)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央集權制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)國(guo)家(jia)——秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前221年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)之后(hou)(hou),即(ji)利用(yong)(yong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宣揚統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)業、顯示王(wang)權威嚴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)紀(ji)念(nian)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)器(qi)(qi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)等方(fang)面都(dou)取(qu)得了(le)劃(hua)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su) 秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)六(liu)國(guo)之后(hou)(hou)，憑(ping)借高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)(li)與(yu)物(wu)力(li)(li),大(da)興(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木。首先(xian)(xian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽北(bei)坂(ban)上(shang)營造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)六(liu)國(guo)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)；其(qi)次,加固(gu)擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)跨越渭(wei)(wei)河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)橋(qiao),并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)渭(wei)(wei)河(he)南(nan)岸(an)營建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)朝宮(gong)(gong)——阿房前殿(dian);最(zui)后(hou)(hou),又在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)驪山(shan)北(bei)麓(lu)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)規模(mo)(mo)宏大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)園。這些巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程，均(jun)用(yong)(yong)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)進(jin)(jin)行裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)美化(hua)(hua)。瓦(wa)當(dang)是(shi)強烈(lie)(lie)反(fan)映時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)構件(jian)(jian)。咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽市東(dong)郊窯(yao)店(dian)鎮附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)，曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)著(zhu)鹿、鳥、昆(kun)蟲紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓瓦(wa)當(dang)；西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安(an)市西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)郊巨(ju)家(jia)莊附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿房宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi),出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)四(si)鹿紋(wen)(wen)、四(si)獸(shou)(shou)紋(wen)(wen)、子(zi)母鳳(feng)紋(wen)(wen)圓瓦(wa)當(dang);驪山(shan)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)夔鳳(feng)紋(wen)(wen)大(da)瓦(wa)當(dang)；皆以(yi)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)紋(wen)(wen)華麗、風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)清新(xin)而(er)(er)著(zhu)稱(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)陽故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)宮(gong)(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)還出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型(xing)(xing)空(kong)(kong)心(xin)(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)畫著(zhu)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)、鳳(feng)紋(wen)(wen)、水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)心(xin)(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，其(qi)二(er)是(shi)模(mo)(mo)印(yin)著(zhu)回紋(wen)(wen)、菱格(ge)(ge)(ge)紋(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)心(xin)(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，皆鋪砌在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)階基地(di)(di)面上(shang)，由此可見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)塑(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)概貌(mao)(mao)(mao)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)組著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)大(da)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，是(shi)陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)興(xing)平(ping)縣(xian)道常(chang)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)驃騎將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍霍(huo)去(qu)病(bing)墓(mu)(mu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),系(xi)元(yuan)狩六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)少府屬(shu)官“左(zuo)司空(kong)(kong)”署內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)匠所雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)運用(yong)(yong)循(xun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa),將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)圓雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、線(xian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)等技法(fa)融(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，使作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)兼(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)寫(xie)(xie)實(shi)與(yu)寫(xie)(xie)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)存作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)立(li)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)、臥(wo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)、躍馬(ma)(ma)(ma)、臥(wo)虎、臥(wo)象(xiang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蛙、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)魚、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蟾、臥(wo)牛、野豬、野人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、野人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)搏熊、母牛舔犢等14件(jian)(jian)，另有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)題(ti)銘(ming)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2塊。 原先(xian)(xian)皆散(san)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)冢周(zhou)圍，現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陳(chen)列在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)前東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)廊內(nei)(nei)(nei)。立(li)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，亦稱(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)踏匈奴(nu)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)168厘米(mi),是(shi)群雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)采用(yong)(yong)寓意手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)，以(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)侵(qin)擾者(zhe)踏翻在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情節，贊頌霍(huo)去(qu)病(bing)反(fan)擊匈奴(nu)侵(qin)擾所建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)樹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赫(he)赫(he)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)功(gong)(gong)(gong)，是(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)紀(ji)念(nian)碑雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)性(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)