1、范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)較早，應用(yong)的(de)最普遍,范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)又稱模(mo)(mo)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)，先以(yi)(yi)泥制(zhi)模(mo)(mo)，雕塑各種(zhong)(zhong)圖案、銘文，陰干(gan)后(hou)(hou)在經(jing)燒(shao)制(zhi)，使其成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)母(mu)模(mo)(mo)，然后(hou)(hou)再以(yi)(yi)母(mu)模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)，同樣陰干(gan)燒(shao)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)，熔化合金(jin)，將合金(jin)澆(jiao)注入(ru)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)范(fan)(fan)(fan)腔里成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器，脫范(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)(hou)再經(jing)清理、打磨加(jia)工(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)即為(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)銅成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品。2、失(shi)蠟(la)(la)法(fa)。失(shi)蠟(la)(la)法(fa)是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)銅等金(jin)屬(shu)器物的(de)精密鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，用(yong)蜂蠟(la)(la)做成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)的(de)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)，再用(yong)別的(de)耐(nai)火材料填充泥芯和敷(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)。加(jia)熱烘烤后(hou)(hou)，蠟(la)(la)模(mo)(mo)全(quan)部熔化流失(shi)，使整個(ge)(ge)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)空殼。再往內澆(jiao)灌溶液，便鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器物。器物可以(yi)(yi)玲瓏剔透，有(you)鏤空的(de)效果。3、渾(hun)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。器物一(yi)次澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，稱為(wei)(wei)渾(hun)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。器形過(guo)大或形狀過(guo)于(yu)(yu)復雜，需要將整個(ge)(ge)器物分(fen)為(wei)(wei)數件(jian)分(fen)別翻范(fan)(fan)(fan)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，最后(hou)(hou)拼接成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)整體，這種(zhong)(zhong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)稱為(wei)(wei)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)多個(ge)(ge)較小物件(jian)時(shi)(shi)，還會將多個(ge)(ge)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)層疊裝(zhuang)在一(yi)起，由一(yi)個(ge)(ge)澆(jiao)口澆(jiao)注銅水，一(yi)次鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多件(jian)器物，這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝稱為(wei)(wei)疊鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。疊鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)多用(yong)于(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)錢(qian)幣等小型(xing)(xing)器物，出現于(yu)(yu)春秋時(shi)(shi)期，漢(han)代時(shi)(shi)逐漸流行。

青(qing)(qing)銅雕(diao)塑(su)是一(yi)種(zhong)以(yi)青(qing)(qing)銅為主要材料制(zhi)作的藝術品。制(zhi)作青(qing)(qing)銅雕(diao)塑(su)一(yi)般需(xu)要經過以(yi)下幾個主要步驟：

1. 設(she)計(ji)：雕塑師需(xu)要設(she)計(ji)出自己想要創作的(de)雕塑形(xing)象(xiang)。設(she)計(ji)圖可以用紙張或計(ji)算(suan)機輔助(zhu)設(she)計(ji)軟(ruan)件來進行制作。

2. 制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)模型：在制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)銅雕(diao)塑(su)之(zhi)前，通(tong)常需(xu)要先制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)個(ge)小型的模型來(lai)展示所要創作(zuo)(zuo)的雕(diao)塑(su)形象(xiang)。這(zhe)可以通(tong)過黏土、蠟或其(qi)他可塑(su)性材料來(lai)完(wan)成。

3. 脫模(mo)：為(wei)了制作青銅雕塑，首先需要將(jiang)模(mo)型保存下來。通常(chang)會在模(mo)型表面(mian)涂(tu)上一(yi)層(ceng)硅橡膠或其他脫模(mo)材(cai)料，待(dai)固化后，將(jiang)模(mo)型從模(mo)具中取(qu)出。

4. 鑄(zhu)造：脫模(mo)后，使用融(rong)化的(de)青銅或其他合金(jin)材料進行(xing)鑄(zhu)造。將(jiang)融(rong)化的(de)金(jin)屬倒入模(mo)具中，待冷卻(que)凝固(gu)后，將(jiang)模(mo)具剝(bo)離(li)，得到鑄(zhu)造好的(de)雕塑形象(xiang)。

5. 打磨(mo)和(he)修整：鑄造好(hao)的(de)雕塑形(xing)象通常需要(yao)進行(xing)打磨(mo)和(he)修整，以(yi)去除表面的(de)瑕疵和(he)不(bu)平整。這通常需要(yao)使用砂紙、砂輪和(he)其(qi)他工具進行(xing)，以(yi)達到良好(hao)的(de)表面質量。

6. 上(shang)(shang)色(se)(se)和飾面：為(wei)了增加雕塑的藝術效果(guo)，一些雕塑師會選擇對(dui)雕塑進行(xing)上(shang)(shang)色(se)(se)或飾面處理。上(shang)(shang)色(se)(se)可以使用(yong)顏料或化學物質(zhi)進行(xing)，而飾面則可以使用(yong)金屬(shu)涂層(ceng)、氧化、著色(se)(se)劑(ji)等。

制作一(yi)件青銅雕(diao)塑需要(yao)雕(diao)塑師(shi)的設計和(he)創作能力，以(yi)及對(dui)材料(liao)和(he)工藝的熟練掌握。這(zhe)個過程需要(yao)耐(nai)心和(he)技巧，并且(qie)可能需要(yao)多次嘗試和(he)修正，以(yi)達到(dao)理想的效(xiao)果(guo)。

青銅雕塑的(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)過程通常包括設計(ji)，雕刻，鑄造(zao)，打磨和(he)上色等環節。

1. 設計： 藝術家或設計師需要確(que)定雕(diao)塑的(de)主題和造型。他們(men)可能會進行(xing)素(su)描或制作小型模型來展(zhan)示雕(diao)塑的(de)外觀和細節。

2. 雕(diao)刻：在確定設計后，藝術(shu)家或制(zhi)作(zuo)人員將使用刻刀(dao)、電動工具(ju)或其他(ta)適當的(de)工具(ju)，將青銅(tong)材料雕(diao)刻成所需的(de)形狀和紋理。他(ta)們可(ke)能還會在青銅(tong)表(biao)面上添加或雕(diao)刻細節，以增強(qiang)雕(diao)塑的(de)美感。

3. 鑄造：完(wan)成雕(diao)刻后(hou)，需要進行(xing)鑄造。將制作的(de)雕(diao)塑細(xi)模(mo)放入(ru)(ru)一個模(mo)具內。高溫(wen)熔(rong)化青銅(tong)材(cai)料，并將其倒入(ru)(ru)模(mo)具中(zhong)。青銅(tong)材(cai)料將在冷(leng)卻后(hou)硬化成為實體的(de)雕(diao)塑形狀。此過程(cheng)需要高強(qiang)度的(de)勞動(dong)和精確的(de)技術。

4. 打磨：鑄(zhu)造完(wan)成后，需(xu)要(yao)進行打磨工(gong)序來(lai)使雕塑表面光滑且均勻(yun)。這(zhe)可能(neng)需(xu)要(yao)使用砂紙、砂輪(lun)和其他打磨工(gong)具，以去除鑄(zhu)造時可能(neng)出現的瑕疵和不平整(zheng)。

5. 上(shang)色：最后一步(bu)是對青銅雕(diao)塑進行上(shang)色。通常使(shi)用酸蝕或化學氧(yang)化等(deng)方法來給(gei)雕(diao)塑表面(mian)添加(jia)特(te)定的顏(yan)色和(he)(he)紋理(li)。這能使(shi)雕(diao)塑更加(jia)豐富和(he)(he)生(sheng)動。

整個制作(zuo)過程需要(yao)(yao)藝(yi)術家(jia)和工匠的(de)(de)合作(zuo)，他們需要(yao)(yao)具(ju)備熟練(lian)的(de)(de)技藝(yi)和經(jing)驗才能制作(zuo)出高質量(liang)的(de)(de)青銅雕(diao)塑。每一步都需要(yao)(yao)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)操作(zuo)，以確保雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)質量(liang)和外觀。

青(qing)(qing)銅劍為(wei)何在國(guo)際收(shou)藏市場上那么火，因為(wei)青(qing)(qing)銅劍是我(wo)國(guo)古(gu)代很有特點(dian)的(de)一(yi)個標志，而且(qie)大多數的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅劍的(de)年代都(dou)是比較久(jiu)遠的(de)。

青銅劍(jian)，古(gu)代兵器(qi)的(de)收藏(zang)魅力不(bu)(bu)容(rong)小覷(qu)。古(gu)代兵器(qi)不(bu)(bu)僅見證了歷史的(de)變遷，也真實記錄了中國兵器(qi)發展(zhan)史。“折戟沉沙鐵未銷，自(zi)將磨(mo)洗認前朝”，真切感受古(gu)代將士們(men)沖鋒陷陣的(de)熱血和痛快(kuai)。1995年，堪稱國寶(bao)的(de)越王(wang)勾踐寶(bao)劍(jian)的(de)回購價為120萬元(yuan)(yuan)。2006年，乾隆年間御(yu)制重器(qi)“金桃皮鞘‘天(tian)字十七號’‘寶(bao)騰(teng)’腰刀”在(zai)香港(gang)蘇富比拍(pai)出(chu)4604萬港(gang)元(yuan)(yuan)；2008年10月8日再次上拍(pai)，拍(pai)得5890萬港(gang)元(yuan)(yuan)。

青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)始于商代。那個時候，它的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身一般較(jiao)短，形狀就像(xiang)柳樹(shu)的(de)(de)葉子，制作(zuo)也比(bi)較(jiao)粗糙。春秋晚期以(yi)后，青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)制作(zuo)達到成熟，“越王勾踐”的(de)(de)故事就發(fa)生在(zai)這個時期。此時的(de)(de)青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身普遍(bian)被加長(chang)到五六(liu)十厘米(mi)。一把(ba)青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主要由(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身和劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)莖(jing)(jing)兩(liang)部分(fen)組成，所謂(wei)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)“莖(jing)(jing)”就是(shi)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)把(ba)手。在(zai)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)莖(jing)(jing)和劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身之間(jian)還有一塊凸起來的(de)(de)隔板，叫(jiao)做“格”。比(bi)較(jiao)講究的(de)(de)青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，“格”的(de)(de)上(shang)面都有一些裝(zhuang)飾物，以(yi)此顯示使用(yong)者的(de)(de)身份和地位。這些裝(zhuang)飾通常(chang)使用(yong)玉質材料(liao)，所以(yi)這種劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也叫(jiao)“玉首劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。西漢以(yi)后，鐵制兵(bing)(bing)器完全取代了(le)青(qing)銅兵(bing)(bing)器，青(qing)銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)從此退出了(le)歷史舞(wu)臺。

青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)，即紅(hong)銅(tong)與錫、鉛(qian)、鎳、形等化學(xue)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)合金(jin)，商(shang)(shang)周(zhou)時(shi)稱(cheng)金(jin)或吉金(jin)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)具有(you)熔點(dian)低、硬度高(gao)、化學(xue)性能(neng)穩定等優點(dian)，能(neng)鑄(zhu)造(zao)出(chu)用于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)活方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)器(qi)物，生(sheng)產(chan)工具替代(dai)(dai)(dai)原(yuan)有(you)石制工具。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)對人(ren)類(lei)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)發展起(qi)到劃時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)作用，因此(ci)稱(cheng)為(wei)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)。中國(guo)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)冶煉和(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術已有(you)三(san)千年歷史，1975年甘肅東(dong)鄉林(lin)家(jia)馬家(jia)窯類(lei)型遺址出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)一件單(dan)(dan)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)銅(tong)刀，是(shi)迄今發現(xian)最早的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)。中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)是(shi)以奴隸占有(you)制為(wei)主(zhu)導生(sheng)產(chan)方式的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)，從公元(yuan)前2000年左右(you)形成(cheng)，經(jing)夏、商(shang)(shang)、西周(zhou)、春秋(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)，大約經(jing)歷了十五個(ge)世紀。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)冶鑄(zhu)工藝在(zai)整個(ge)發展過程中形成(cheng)各(ge)個(ge)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)風格特征(zheng)。商(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)前期(qi)造(zao)型輕薄，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)簡單(dan)(dan)。商(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)后(hou)期(qi)至(zhi)西周(zhou)前期(qi)，造(zao)型厚重(zhong)華麗(li)，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以獸(shou)面(mian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葵(kui)龍紋(wen)(wen)(wen)以及各(ge)種(zhong)動(dong)物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、幾何紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)，表現(xian)了神(shen)權思(si)想。西周(zhou)中期(qi)至(zhi)春秋(qiu)(qiu)中期(qi)，風格趨向簡樸，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以粗線(xian)條的(de)(de)(de)竊(qie)曲紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、重(zhong)環(huan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)，長篇銘文增多。春秋(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)期(qi)至(zhi)戰國(guo)，造(zao)型精(jing)巧，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以活潑的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)(he)復雜(za)細密的(de)(de)(de)蛹蛹紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)，細線(xian)雕刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)狩獵、宴樂、攻(gong)戰等反(fan)映現(xian)實生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)像流行，并出(chu)現(xian)以金(jin)、銀、紅(hong)銅(tong)、玉(yu)石等鑲嵌的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案和(he)(he)(he)畫像的(de)(de)(de)新工藝。商(shang)(shang)周(zhou)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型、裝飾(shi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)樣和(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)造(zao)技術綜合了繪畫、雕塑(su)、圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案和(he)(he)(he)工藝美術于(yu)一體，以紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)精(jing)美絢麗(li)，造(zao)型繁多而著稱(cheng)于(yu)世。古代(dai)(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)已成(cheng)為(wei)中國(guo)考古學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)美術史的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要分支。

青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主要由(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身與(yu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)莖(jing)(jing)兩部分組成(cheng)，每(mei)一部位(wei)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)名稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身前端稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“鋒”，劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體中線凸起稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“脊”，脊兩側成(cheng)坡狀稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“從(cong)”，從(cong)外的(de)(de)刃稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“鍔”，合脊與(yu)兩從(cong)為“臘(la)”。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)把(ba)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“莖(jing)(jing)”。莖(jing)(jing)主要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)扁(bian)形(xing)與(yu)圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)兩種。莖(jing)(jing)和(he)身之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)護手的(de)(de)“格(ge)”，格(ge)又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“衛”。莖(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)末端常有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)“首(shou)”，首(shou)又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“鐔”。莖(jing)(jing)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)“箍”。莖(jing)(jing)上常以繩(sheng)纏繞，繩(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“緱”劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鞘也(ye)謂之(zhi)“室”。短劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“匕”。考究(jiu)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)首(shou)與(yu)格(ge)等常以玉質做(zuo)成(cheng)，這種劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一般(ban)則稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“玉具(ju)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。最(zui)早的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是(shi)商代后期(qi)的(de)(de)鈴首(shou)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。春秋晚期(qi)至戰國可說是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)最(zui)發(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)時(shi)期(qi)。銅(tong)(tong)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一般(ban)都(dou)較長，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)長度幾近100厘(li)米。

青銅劍(jian)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)古代戰爭中經常使用的一(yi)種兵器。它一(yi)般是銅、錫(xi)合金(jin)冶煉制(zhi)(zhi)作而(er)成(cheng)的。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)青銅劍(jian)的創造及其發展歷史，約可追(zhui)溯到原(yuan)始(shi)社(she)會(hui)開始(shi)進(jin)入奴隸制(zhi)(zhi)社(she)會(hui)的商周時代即已出現，發展到春(chun)秋戰國(guo)(guo)時期已是高峰階段，嗣后(hou)，一(yi)直延(yan)續到秦漢。到鐵劍(jian)出現時，青銅劍(jian)就逐漸銷聲匿跡了。

青銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)主要由劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身與劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)莖(jing)兩(liang)部分組成(cheng)，每一(yi)部位都有名稱(cheng)(cheng)。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)身前端稱(cheng)(cheng)“鋒”，劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)體中線凸起稱(cheng)(cheng)“脊(ji)”，脊(ji)兩(liang)側(ce)成(cheng)坡(po)狀稱(cheng)(cheng)“從”，從外的(de)(de)刃(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)“鍔”，合脊(ji)與兩(liang)從為(wei)“臘”。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)把稱(cheng)(cheng)“莖(jing)”。莖(jing)主要有扁形與圓(yuan)形的(de)(de)兩(liang)種。莖(jing)和身之(zhi)間(jian)有的(de)(de)有護手的(de)(de)“格(ge)(ge)”，格(ge)(ge)又稱(cheng)(cheng)“衛”。莖(jing)的(de)(de)末端常(chang)有圓(yuan)形的(de)(de)“首(shou)(shou)”，首(shou)(shou)又稱(cheng)(cheng)“鐔”。莖(jing)上(shang)有的(de)(de)有圓(yuan)形的(de)(de)“箍”。莖(jing)上(shang)常(chang)以(yi)繩(sheng)纏繞，繩(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“緱”。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鞘(qiao)也謂之(zhi)“室”。短劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也稱(cheng)(cheng)“匕”。考(kao)究的(de)(de)青銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)首(shou)(shou)與格(ge)(ge)等常(chang)以(yi)玉(yu)(yu)質做成(cheng)，這種劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)般則稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“玉(yu)(yu)具劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”。最(zui)早的(de)(de)青銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)是商代后期(qi)的(de)(de)鈴(ling)首(shou)(shou)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。春秋晚期(qi)至戰國可(ke)說是銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)最(zui)發達的(de)(de)時期(qi)。銅劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)般都較長，有的(de)(de)長度(du)幾(ji)近100厘米。

這種精巧奇妙(miao)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅器，從雕刻的(de)(de)性質說，它應(ying)是屬于工(gong)藝裝飾(shi)雕塑一類的(de)(de)藝術制作。現能見到的(de)(de)這類最(zui)早的(de)(de)雖為殷商(shang)遺(yi)物，但其肇始應(ying)上溯到原(yuan)始社會的(de)(de)象(xiang)形陶器，這說明此類創作的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統性。商(shang)代象(xiang)形青(qing)銅器，多見的(de)(de)是象(xiang)、犀、牛、羊，鴟等形象(xiang)的(de)(de)尊(zun)、益等。

在(zai)硫化鉀溶(rong)液中浸泡30秒后(hou)，用水清(qing)洗、干燥。如把它放(fang)入綠青水中煮(zhu)的(de)(de)話，就會(hui)呈(cheng)現青紫色(se)(se)，也稱(cheng)“古色(se)(se)潤(run)飾”。涂錫：錫涂在(zai)銅的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)，用恰當的(de)(de)溫度(du)加熱(re)燒結(jie)成合金(jin)。出現了稱(cheng)為金(jin)古色(se)(se)的(de)(de)金(jin)黃色(se)(se)彩，這也是電鍍技法(fa)之(zhi)一。燒色(se)(se)：把銅燒熱(re)到(dao)融點(dian)附近的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)后(hou)自然(ran)地冷卻，就能生成黑色(se)(se)氧(yang)化銅的(de)(de)皮(pi)膜。研磨(mo)后(hou)呈(cheng)現象(xiang)石榴一樣的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)。隨著溫度(du)的(de)(de)不同，所呈(cheng)現的(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)也不相同。

青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)　bronze 銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金，有特(te)(te)(te)殊重要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)歷(li)史(shi)意義。早在公元(yuan)前(qian)3000年(nian)就(jiu)(jiu)已制造(zao)出青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，但(dan)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)一(yi)般(ban)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工制品要(yao)(yao)(yao)晚得多(duo)。荷馬(ma)在《伊利亞特(te)(te)(te)》史(shi)詩中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)(ti)到希(xi)臘(la)火神赫斐斯塔司把(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)、銀(yin)、金投入(ru)(ru)(ru)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔爐(lu)，結(jie)果(guo)煉(lian)成(cheng)阿基里斯所(suo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盾牌。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)范圍(wei)很大(da)（從殘(can)存(cun)人(ren)工制品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)測得，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為67~95%）；但(dan)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)紀(ji)已經(jing)知道不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例可(ke)以產生不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)用(yong)(yong)。威尼斯圣(sheng)馬(ma)可(ke)教堂圖書館(guan)收(shou)藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)11世(shi)紀(ji)希(xi)臘(la)手抄本中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列舉了1磅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)2盎司錫(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金，即(ji)8比(bi)1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例，這(zhe)與(yu)后來(lai)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)近。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)堅(jian)硬(ying)，熔點較低(di)，容易熔化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)；青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)較純鐵(tie)(tie)堅(jian)硬(ying)，不(bu)(bu)同合金成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)適(shi)于制造(zao)炮管和(he)(he)(he)(he)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)軸(zhou)承。在工具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)以鐵(tie)(tie)代(dai)(dai)替(ti)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)本身有任何特(te)(te)(te)殊優(you)點，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于鐵(tie)(tie)較銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)豐富(fu)。鐘青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受敲擊時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出洪亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音。其(qi)(qi)含(han)(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較高，為1/4~1/7.雕塑青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)低(di)到1/10，有時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還加(jia)(jia)入(ru)(ru)(ru)鋅(xin)(xin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合物。鋅(xin)(xin)能(neng)提(ti)(ti)高硬(ying)度，軸(zhou)承合金中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通常(chang)含(han)(han)(han)少(shao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)入(ru)(ru)(ru)少(shao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磷(lin)能(neng)改善其(qi)(qi)性(xing)能(neng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)度；磷(lin)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)(han)磷(lin)量(liang)(liang)(liang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錠可(ke)達1~2%，鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)只(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)微量(liang)(liang)(liang)；它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度高，特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于作(zuo)泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柱塞、閥和(he)(he)(he)(he)套。在機(ji)械工業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)錳(meng)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它含(han)(han)(han)有少(shao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)錫(xi)(xi)或(huo)甚(shen)至不(bu)(bu)含(han)(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)，但(dan)含(han)(han)(han)有大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)鋅(xin)(xin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錳(meng)。除用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)工具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)廣泛用(yong)(yong)于制作(zuo)錢幣；很多(duo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)幣實(shi)際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)典(dian)型(xing)成(cheng)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)一(yi)樣冷脹(zhang)熱縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)。[4]青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)類(lei)歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)一(yi)項偉大(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)、鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金屬(shu)治(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)史(shi)上(shang)最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合金。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)后，立(li)刻盛(sheng)行起(qi)來(lai)，從此(ci)人(ren)類(lei)歷(li)史(shi)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)進入(ru)(ru)(ru)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段－青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有熔點低(di)、硬(ying)度大(da)、可(ke)塑性(xing)強(qiang)、耐磨(mo)、耐腐蝕、色澤光亮等(deng)特(te)(te)(te)點，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)各(ge)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)、機(ji)械零件(jian)(jian)、軸(zhou)承、齒輪等(deng)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)年(nian)代(dai)(dai)久遠。大(da)約(yue)(yue)在六、七千年(nian)以前(qian)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現并開始使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。1973年(nian)陜西(xi)臨潼(tong)姜(jiang)寨遺址(zhi)曾出土(tu)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)半圓(yuan)型(xing)殘(can)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)片，經(jing)鑒定為黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。1975年(nian)甘(gan)肅東(dong)鄉林家(jia)馬(ma)家(jia)窯文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)（約(yue)(yue)公元(yuan)前(qian)3000左右）出土(tu)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)目前(qian)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)進入(ru)(ru)(ru)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證明(ming)(ming)。相(xiang)對(dui)西(xi)亞、南亞及(ji)北非于距(ju)今約(yue)(yue)6500年(nian)前(qian)先(xian)后進入(ru)(ru)(ru)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)而言，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到來(lai)較晚，但(dan)卻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)否認它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)獨(du)立(li)起(qi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)存(cun)在一(yi)個銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)并用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，年(nian)代(dai)(dai)距(ju)今約(yue)(yue)為5500~4500年(nian)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)在此(ci)基礎上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金，與(yu)世(shi)界(jie)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展模式相(xiang)同，因而可(ke)以排除中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由境外(wai)傳(chuan)播(bo)而來(lai)之說(shuo)。“國(guo)之大(da)事，在祀(si)及(ji)戎”。對(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)先(xian)秦中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原各(ge)國(guo)而言，最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情莫過(guo)于祭祀(si)和(he)(he)(he)(he)對(dui)外(wai)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)。作(zuo)為代(dai)(dai)表當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)冶煉(lian)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也(ye)(ye)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)在祭祀(si)禮(li)儀和(he)(he)(he)(he)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)上(shang)。夏(xia)、商(shang)、周(zhou)三(san)代(dai)(dai)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)功能(neng)（用(yong)(yong)）均(jun)為禮(li)儀用(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以及(ji)圍(wei)繞二者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬(shu)用(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)，這(zhe)一(yi)點與(yu)世(shi)界(jie)各(ge)國(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有區別(bie)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了具(ju)(ju)(ju)有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統特(te)(te)(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)體系(xi)。一(yi)般(ban)把(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展劃(hua)分為三(san)大(da)階段，即(ji)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)期、鼎盛(sheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期和(he)(he)(he)(he)轉變(bian)(bian)期。形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)期是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)龍山(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，距(ju)今4500～4000年(nian)；鼎盛(sheng)期即(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)包括夏(xia)、商(shang)、西(xi)周(zhou)、春秋(qiu)及(ji)戰(zhan)國(guo)早期，延續(xu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間約(yue)(yue)一(yi)千六百余年(nian)，也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)；轉變(bian)(bian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期指(zhi)戰(zhan)國(guo)末期－秦漢時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已逐(zhu)步(bu)被鐵(tie)(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)取代(dai)(dai)，不(bu)(bu)僅數量(liang)(liang)(liang)上(shang)大(da)減，而且也(ye)(ye)由原來(lai)禮(li)樂兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)在禮(li)儀祭祀(si)，戰(zhan)爭(zheng)活動等(deng)等(deng)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)場(chang)合變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)日常(chang)用(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)，其(qi)(qi)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)別(bie)種(zhong)類(lei)、構造(zao)特(te)(te)(te)征、裝(zhuang)飾藝(yi)術也(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生了轉折性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。//baike.baidu.com/view/48367.htm?fr=ala0