中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)館，銅人(ren)面具。臉(lian)方(fang)正。長(chang)(chang)刀眉(mei)，三(san)角形立(li)眼。長(chang)(chang)方(fang)耳。耳垂(chui)穿孔。蒜頭(tou)鼻，高(gao)(gao)鼻梁直達額中(zhong)兩眉(mei)間。闊口，閉唇，頤方(fang)圓(yuan)。眉(mei)梢末(mo)端各有(you)(you)一方(fang)孔。中(zhong)國國家博(bo)物(wu)館，凸目銅面具。高(gao)(gao)85.4厘米、寬78厘米長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形臉(lian)，長(chang)(chang)刀形粗眉(mei)，“臣”字形目，眼珠呈橢圓(yuan)柱形突出眼眶，鼻部卷曲，闊口微張，露舌。戈形耳向(xiang)兩側展(zhan)開(kai)。額正中(zhong)有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)豎起(qi)的(de)(de)額飾，上端內卷，中(zhong)部飾刀狀羽翅。左右(you)兩側有(you)(you)方(fang)形鑄孔，當為祭祀時便于扛抬(tai)使用(yong)。四(si)川廣漢三(san)星堆遺址，被認為是蜀(shu)人(ren)祭祀坑遺存。出土的(de)(de)大量玉器(qi)、銅器(qi)等(deng)物(wu)，有(you)(you)許多(duo)明顯受到中(zhong)原文(wen)化的(de)(de)影晌，如銅尊(zun)、銅罍(lei)等(deng)。這個遺址的(de)(de)發現，表明商、蜀(shu)之間文(wen)化交流十(shi)分(fen)密(mi)切。這種銅面具是古(gu)蜀(shu)人(ren)心中(zhong)“神”的(de)(de)化身，此凸目面具應是蜀(shu)王蠶叢的(de)(de)神像。

三星(xing)堆青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)雕塑是指出土于四川省廣(guang)漢市三星(xing)堆遺址(zhi)的(de)一(yi)組青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)藝術品(pin)，這(zhe)些雕塑是中(zhong)國古代青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)藝術的(de)珍(zhen)貴遺產。以下(xia)是一(yi)些三星(xing)堆青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)雕塑的(de)代表作品(pin)：

1. 面具(ju)：三星堆(dui)的(de)青銅(tong)面具(ju)被(bei)譽為中(zhong)國古代青銅(tong)文化的(de)巔峰之作(zuo)。面具(ju)造型精美(mei)，色彩瑰麗(li)，通常(chang)呈現出神秘的(de)人臉(lian)或人獸合一的(de)形態。面具(ju)上的(de)紋(wen)飾非常(chang)豐富多樣，包(bao)括神祇、動物和(he)幾(ji)何(he)圖案等。

2. 人物(wu)立(li)(li)像(xiang)：三星堆(dui)青銅人物(wu)立(li)(li)像(xiang)通常描繪了(le)(le)古代的貴(gui)族、祭祀人員和(he)戰士等(deng)。這些立(li)(li)像(xiang)造型栩(xu)栩(xu)如生，展示了(le)(le)古代人們的服飾(shi)、裝飾(shi)品和(he)姿勢等(deng)細節。有的立(li)(li)像(xiang)還展現了(le)(le)古代人物(wu)的神(shen)秘表情和(he)神(shen)話傳說(shuo)中的形(xing)象。

3. 動物(wu)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)：三星堆的青銅(tong)雕塑中還有許多描繪(hui)動物(wu)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的作品(pin)，其中最著(zhu)名的是青銅(tong)鳥。這些(xie)鳥形(xing)(xing)青銅(tong)作品(pin)形(xing)(xing)態優美，有的展現了(le)(le)翅膀展開的姿態，有的展示(shi)了(le)(le)抓住獵(lie)物(wu)的形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。還有描繪(hui)籠、龜、豬等動物(wu)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的作品(pin)。

4. 容器(qi)(qi)：三(san)星(xing)堆青(qing)銅雕塑(su)中的(de)容器(qi)(qi)包括鼎、爵(jue)、簋等。這些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物造型獨(du)特，通常(chang)有三(san)足或(huo)(huo)四足，上面雕刻(ke)著(zhu)神話傳說、祭祀場景或(huo)(huo)動物形象等。

5. 其他雕塑：除(chu)了(le)上述類型(xing)的(de)(de)雕塑，三星堆還有一些獨(du)特的(de)(de)作品(pin)，如青(qing)銅半人半獸的(de)(de)神像、獸面(mian)紋裝(zhuang)飾的(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)等。這些雕塑多呈現出神秘、神話和宗教(jiao)的(de)(de)意象，反映了(le)古代祭祀(si)文(wen)化(hua)。

三(san)星(xing)堆(dui)青銅雕塑以其獨(du)特的(de)藝術價值和文化內涵而被世(shi)人所贊賞。這些作品不僅展示(shi)了古(gu)(gu)代(dai)華(hua)夏文明(ming)的(de)輝煌，也為研究中國古(gu)(gu)代(dai)藝術史和宗教信(xin)仰提供了寶(bao)貴的(de)資料(liao)。

三星堆(dui)青銅(tong)雕塑主(zhu)要包括青銅(tong)人像、動物紋(wen)飾和器物等(deng)。

1. 青銅人像(xiang)(xiang)：三(san)星(xing)堆青銅人像(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)三(san)星(xing)堆文(wen)化的代表作之(zhi)一(yi)，主(zhu)要(yao)有神(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)和人像(xiang)(xiang)兩類(lei)。神(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)常(chang)描繪(hui)神(shen)秘的神(shen)靈形象(xiang)，如面具神(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)、神(shen)人合一(yi)像(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)。人像(xiang)(xiang)則是(shi)以高官貴族的形象(xiang)呈現(xian)，如武士(shi)、仕女等(deng)，通(tong)常(chang)生動展現(xian)了古代人們的服飾(shi)、發型和裝飾(shi)品。

2. 動(dong)物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)：三星堆青銅(tong)雕塑中的(de)動(dong)物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)豐富多樣，常見的(de)有龍、鳥、獸等形象(xiang)。這(zhe)些動(dong)物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)通(tong)常具有強烈的(de)裝飾(shi)(shi)性和象(xiang)征意義，例如龍代表(biao)著權(quan)力(li)和神(shen)秘，鳥代表(biao)著吉祥和幸福等。動(dong)物(wu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)雕塑形式通(tong)常是高度抽(chou)象(xiang)的(de)，充滿了藝術(shu)感和裝飾(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果。

3. 器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：除了人(ren)像和動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)紋(wen)飾，三星堆青銅雕塑還(huan)包括各種生活(huo)用具和器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)雕塑，如鼎、壺(hu)、盤等。這(zhe)些(xie)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)雕塑形式精美細膩(ni)，常常以紋(wen)飾和幾何圖案為主題，展現(xian)了古代人(ren)們對生活(huo)品(pin)質的(de)(de)追(zhui)求和匠(jiang)心獨運的(de)(de)技藝。

三星堆(dui)青(qing)銅雕塑以其獨特(te)的藝術風格和(he)精湛的制作工藝聞名于世(shi)，是中國古代(dai)青(qing)銅雕塑的重要(yao)代(dai)表之一。這些(xie)雕塑不僅是藝術上的杰(jie)作，也反(fan)映了(le)古代(dai)文化的繁榮和(he)燦(can)爛。

還有紅(hong)山文化系(xi)列中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)華(hua)始(shi)祖陶塑像與(yu)張學友的(de)表情和陜北(bei)羊肚手巾很相似(si)中(zhong)華(hua)始(shi)祖陶塑像

2012年(nian)，它在(zai)內蒙古赤峰市敖漢旗興隆溝紅山文(wen)化遺址第二地點出土，歷經5300多年(nian)后重見天日。

它是泥質(zhi)紅(hong)陶，通高55厘米，胸圍最(zui)大寬度65厘米，內中(zhong)空，外表(biao)通體(ti)磨光(guang)，局(ju)部(bu)施黑彩(cai)。頭部(bu)和面部(bu)比較完(wan)整(zheng)。出土時為65片(pian)碎陶片(pian)，經考古人員之(zhi)手(shou)拼對方(fang)得以復原。陶人整(zheng)體(ti)為盤(pan)(pan)坐的男(nan)性形(xing)像(xiang)，發(fa)辮盤(pan)(pan)于頭頂，兩眼圓睜，顴骨(gu)凸起，呈張(zhang)口交談(tan)或呼喊(han)狀，右手(shou)握著左手(shou)腕放在(zai)腳上，盤(pan)(pan)腿而(er)坐。該人物塑像(xiang)為目前發(fa)現的最(zui)為完(wan)整(zheng)、最(zui)大的中(zhong)國(guo)史前陶塑人像(xiang)之(zhi)一(yi)。 表(biao)情像(xiang)張(zhang)學友看看像(xiang)不(bu)像(xiang)，這說明(ming)剛剛進入(ru)智人時代不(bu)久的人類在(zai)表(biao)情達意方(fang)面與(yu)我們(men)今天沒啥(sha)兩樣(yang)。

裝飾與陜(shan)北白羊(yang)肚手巾(jin)透(tou)視很像(xiang)看看，是不是如出一轍？這是5300年前(qian)的作品

這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時期(qi)廣泛(fan)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)人物(wu)雕(diao)塑和各種祭(ji)祀(si)(si)自然神、祖(zu)先等活動，反映了新(xin)石器時代以來人類精神世界逐(zhu)漸走向(xiang)復雜(za)化(hua)，也印證了早(zao)期(qi)中國(guo)社會(hui)逐(zhu)漸走向(xiang)復雜(za)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程以及各地區古國(guo)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)歷程。這(zhe)種以血緣(yuan)關系為紐帶，從部族祭(ji)祀(si)(si)到血緣(yuan)宗族祭(ji)祀(si)(si)，天(tian)下一(yi)(yi)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)傳統(tong)祭(ji)祀(si)(si)文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成，也是古國(guo)到方國(guo)再(zai)到帝(di)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)不斷發展進(jin)程中內在核心文化(hua)所(suo)在。

中(zhong)華(hua)始祖陶塑像(xiang)的(de)出(chu)土(tu)，為我(wo)們探尋(xun)古人的(de)表情(qing)(qing)達意(yi)、思維活動和價值追求(qiu)等，提供了活生(sheng)生(sheng)的(de)證(zheng)明(ming)。我(wo)們相信，隨著考古研究的(de)深(shen)入(ru)，這些塑像(xiang)上通過材料、造型(xing)、表情(qing)(qing)、服飾等顯示(shi)出(chu)的(de)更(geng)為廣泛(fan)深(shen)入(ru)的(de)古代社會(hui)內涵會(hui)走向清晰(xi)、明(ming)朗，連接成今日文明(ming)的(de)根脈(mo)。

青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)熔(rong)點低、硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)大(da)(da)(da)(da)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)塑性強(qiang)(qiang)、耐(nai)磨、耐(nai)腐蝕、色(se)澤光亮等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)特(te)(te)點， 適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)、機(ji)械(xie)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、軸承、齒輪(lun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)別(bie)(bie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、車(che)(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、農器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)、貨幣(bi)、璽(xi)印(yin)與(yu)(yu)符(fu)節(jie)、度(du)(du)量(liang)衡器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、雜(za)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)十二(er)大(da)(da)(da)(da)類(lei)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)又可(ke)(ke)(ke)細(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)若(ruo)干小(xiao)類(lei)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)五(wu)類(lei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究 動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)：“蟠虺(hui)(hui)(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”因(yin)圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)盤繞(rao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛇(she)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得(de)名(ming)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。虺(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古典(dian)籍(ji)記(ji)(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劇毒 蛇(she)，所(suo)謂(wei)似蛇(she)而(er)(er)(er)小(xiao)。“蟠虺(hui)(hui)(hui)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”僅見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 “象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”與(yu)(yu)“象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鼻紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，通(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)。既是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溫順的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，又常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太平(ping)(ping)吉祥(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)，還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)將入(ru)(ru)相(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌。 “獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”過(guo)去亦稱(cheng)“狩帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帶(dai)狀裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)面(mian)(mian)部形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)組(zu)合(he)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 幾(ji)何(he)圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)：指菱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、三(san)(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)相(xiang)(xiang)連成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)案等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：“圈(quan)(quan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”或(huo)稱(cheng)“串珠(zhu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔助紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“三(san)(san)(san)角云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)交錯其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“菱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)斜格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)見(jian)雜(za)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”和(he)(he)(he)“S”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)案，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo);“環(huan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，舊稱(cheng)“公字(zi)(zi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)連續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“S”形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)波浪帶(dai)圖(tu)(tu)案，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)充填(tian)“竊曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”或(huo)環(huan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi);“竊曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”很(hen)(hen)早(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)《呂氏春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載，“竊曲(qu)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，如(ru)(ru)蜷(quan)曲(qu)若(ruo)雙環(huan)而(er)(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)目(mu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩端內曲(qu)呈一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)(ru)意頭(tou)狀者(zhe)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)而(er)(er)(er)足。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong) 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai) 早(zao)(zao)(zao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公元(yuan)前(qian)3000年(nian)(nian)就(jiu)(jiu)已(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，但(dan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品要晚(wan)(wan)得(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)6000年(nian)(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古巴比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)倫兩河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域。蘇美(mei)(mei)(mei)爾文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雕有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獅子形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)。荷馬(ma)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《伊利(li)(li)亞特(te)(te)》史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)詩中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到(dao)希臘火(huo)神赫斐斯塔(ta)司把(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)投入(ru)(ru)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)爐，結(jie)果煉成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)阿基里(li)斯所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盾牌。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)范(fan)圍(wei)很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(從(cong)(cong)殘(can)存人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)測得(de)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)67~95%);但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)紀已(yi)(yi)經(jing)知道(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。威尼斯圣馬(ma)可(ke)(ke)(ke)教堂(tang)圖(tu)(tu)書(shu)館收藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)11世(shi)紀希臘手(shou)抄本中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列舉了(le)(le)(le)(le)1磅(bang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)2盎司錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)來(lai)(lai)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炮青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)(xiang)近。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)較(jiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)堅(jian)(jian)硬(ying)(ying)，熔(rong)點較(jiao)低，容(rong)(rong)(rong)易熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao);青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)純鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)堅(jian)(jian)硬(ying)(ying)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)適(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)炮管和(he)(he)(he)機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)軸承。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)替青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)本身(shen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)任何(he)特(te)(te)殊優(you)點，而(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)較(jiao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)豐富。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)性是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受敲擊時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)洪亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)含(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)量(liang)較(jiao)高，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1/4~1/7.雕塑青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)量(liang)低到(dao)1/10，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)(huan)加(jia)入(ru)(ru)鋅(xin)和(he)(he)(he)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。鋅(xin)能(neng)(neng)提高硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)，軸承合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)含(han)(han)少(shao)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)(ru)少(shao)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磷能(neng)(neng)改(gai)善其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)性能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du);磷青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)磷量(liang)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錠可(ke)(ke)(ke)達1~2%，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)只(zhi)含(han)(han)微量(liang);它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)高，特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柱塞(sai)、閥和(he)(he)(he)套(tao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)械(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)錳(meng)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它(ta)(ta)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)或(huo)甚至不(bu)(bu)(bu)含(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，但(dan)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)鋅(xin)和(he)(he)(he)錳(meng)。除(chu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)外(wai)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)廣(guang)泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)錢(qian)幣(bi);很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)幣(bi)實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)典(dian)型成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)水一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)熱脹(zhang)冷(leng)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)大(da)(da)(da)(da)階段(duan)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鼎(ding)(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，距(ju)(ju)今(jin)(jin)4500～4000年(nian)(nian);鼎(ding)(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)包(bao)括(kuo)夏(xia)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)、西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)及(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，延續時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間約一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千六(liu)(liu)百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)統體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai);轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)指戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)末(mo)(mo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)-秦(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)逐(zhu)步(bu)被鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)取代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅數(shu)(shu)量(liang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)減(jian)，而(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)由原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)禮(li)(li)(li)樂(le)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)禮(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)祭祀(si)，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)要場(chang)(chang)合(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)別(bie)(bie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)、構(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)特(te)(te)征(zheng)、裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藝術(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)轉(zhuan)折性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。 形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：距(ju)(ju)今(jin)(jin)4500~4000年(nian)(nian)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)(yu)(yu)堯舜(shun)禹傳(chuan)(chuan)說時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。古文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)紀載當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們已(yi)(yi)開始冶(ye)(ye)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。黃(huang)(huang)河(he)、長江中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)游地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)里(li)，經(jing)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)幾(ji)十處遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)里(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品。從(cong)(cong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)來(lai)(lai)看，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)特(te)(te)點： 1、紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)并(bing)(bing)存，并(bing)(bing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。甘肅(su)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)東(dong)鄉(xiang)林家遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀;河(he)北省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)唐山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)城山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)帶(dai)孔紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);河(he)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)登封王城崗龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城內出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)含(han)(han)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)7%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)殘(can)片;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)襄汾陶(tao)(tao)寺墓地內出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)(wan)整銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鈴，系紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)膠州三(san)(san)(san)里(li)河(he)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錐(zhui);山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)棲霞楊家圈(quan)(quan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘(can)片。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品數(shu)(shu)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甘肅(su)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海、寧夏(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)家文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)好幾(ji)處墓地出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)刀、錐(zhui)、鉆(zhan)、環(huan)和(he)(he)(he)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鍛打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)先(xian)進。 2、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)少(shao)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)類(lei)，如(ru)(ru)刀、錐(zhui)、鉆(zhan)、環(huan)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應當承認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們已(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)夠制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)或(huo)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)陶(tao)(tao)鬶(gui)(gui)，且流(liu)(liu)(liu)口，腹襠(dang)部常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)模(mo)仿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鉚(liu)釘(ding)，如(ru)(ru)果認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鬶(gui)(gui)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)夏(xia)商(shang)(shang)(shang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鬶(gui)(gui)，爵、斝容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)或(huo)開始轉(zhuan)向禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。 3、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)居(ju)(ju)民也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)擁青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樸實(shi)無飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、三(san)(san)(san)角紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)何(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，絕(jue)無三(san)(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神秘感。 鼎(ding)(ding)盛(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：包(bao)括(kuo)夏(xia)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)、西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)及(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早(zao)(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，延續時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間約一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千六(liu)(liu)百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)禮(li)(li)(li)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)雜(za)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)宗廟祭祀(si)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)繁文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)縟節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)(ta)帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神圣性，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)場(chang)(chang)合(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)精(jing)美(mei)(mei)(mei)。禮(li)(li)(li)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高水平(ping)(ping)。禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)包(bao)括(kuo)烹炊器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)神像(xiang)(xiang)類(lei)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精(jing)美(mei)(mei)(mei)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)距(ju)(ju)今(jin)(jin)五(wu)千年(nian)(nian)前(qian)長江下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)游地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良渚文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)繼承了(le)(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。《呂氏春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)·先(xian)識》篇內云“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)鼎(ding)(ding)著(zhu)饕餮，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)首無身(shen)，食人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)未(wei)咽(yan)，害及(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)”，故此，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獸(shou)(shou)面(mian)(mian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)二(er)里(li)頭(tou)夏(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)兩代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)饕餮紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)類(lei)型很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神秘色(se)彩逐(zhu)漸減(jian)退(tui)。龍(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)鳳，仍然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)許多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母題(ti)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說許多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)圖(tu)(tu)案化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，實(shi)際(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)龍(long)(long)蛇(she)、鳳鳥兩大(da)(da)(da)(da)類(lei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)衍變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)(er)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 蟬(chan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟬(chan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，螭龍(long)(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)盛(sheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，逐(zhu)漸占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)據(ju)了(le)(le)(le)(le)統治(zhi)地位(wei)，把(ba)(ba)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)都(dou)擠掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)突出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)特(te)(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)巧(qiao)絕(jue)倫，顯示出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)匠(jiang)師們巧(qiao)奪天(tian)(tian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)才能(neng)(neng)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)陶(tao)(tao)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合(he)范(fan)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)范(fan)法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)得(de)到(dao)充分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)塑模(mo)翻(fan)范(fan)，花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)刻(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均(jun)(jun)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)考(kao)(kao)(kao)究，渾鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)接(jie)、疊鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)非常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟。隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)毋需(xu)(xu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失蠟法(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，無疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)進步(bu)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)(qian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)增加(jia)美(mei)(mei)(mei)觀，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)早(zao)(zao)(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)綠(lv)松石。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)綠(lv)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石，至今(jin)(jin)仍應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)首飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。第(di)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)玉(yu)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)援(yuan)戈，玉(yu)葉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)，玉(yu)刃(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斧鉞(yue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。第(di)三(san)(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隕鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)，如(ru)(ru)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)刃(ren)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鉞(yue)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)援(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刃(ren)，經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)刃(ren)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)碩(shuo)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)。第(di)四(si)(si)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嵌(qian)(qian)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)(lai)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獸(shou)(shou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)來(lai)(lai)鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)(qian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)王劍(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，冶(ye)(ye)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)較(jiao)高，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)總結(jie)性文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼎(ding)(ding)、斧斤(jin)、弋戟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭頻(pin)繁，兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)得(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)迅速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)吳、越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)'寶劍(jian)，異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)鋒(feng)利(li)(li)，名(ming)聞(wen)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)劍(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匠(jiang)師，如(ru)(ru)干將，歐治(zhi)子等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶劍(jian)雖已(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)埋(mai)藏兩千多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)，但(dan)仍然(ran)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切開成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙張。越(yue)王勾踐(jian)劍(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)劍(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)經(jing)過(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學處理(li)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防銹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、鱗(lin)片形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)火(huo)焰形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)華(hua)麗。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)點，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迄(qi)今(jin)(jin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)過(guo)任何(he)肖像(xiang)(xiang)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品，如(ru)(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)鉞(yue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。更(geng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，如(ru)(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈或(huo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)座;或(huo)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，如(ru)(ru)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)佩劍(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)舉手(shou)托住(zhu)橫梁，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盤下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)男女待從(cong)(cong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)束，而(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)婢(bi)奴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肖像(xiang)(xiang)。四(si)(si)川廣(guang)漢(han)(han)三(san)(san)(san)星堆出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體(ti)像(xiang)(xiang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)頭(tou)像(xiang)(xiang)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)均(jun)(jun)超(chao)過(guo)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，均(jun)(jun)長耳(er)突目(mu)，高鼻闊口，富于(yu)(yu)(yu)神秘色(se)彩，應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神話(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。 商(shang)(shang)(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)留有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)叫金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學者(zhe)而(er)(er)(er)言起(qi)著(zhu)證(zheng)史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、補史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)。凹入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)樣(yang)，稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，少(shao)數(shu)(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)凸起(qi)，稱(cheng)陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)和(he)(he)(he)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)個(ge)別(bie)(bie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋒(feng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)刻(ke)字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例(li)(li)(li)(li)子。 西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，開始出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)完(wan)(wan)全是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)數(shu)(shu)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，連河(he)北省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)(ping)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)王漢(han)(han)墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)典(dian)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)契刻(ke)而(er)(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀法(fa)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)熟，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)(shu)(shu)價值。 古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)極(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)牢固，銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)，因(yin)此要長期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事項(xiang)(xiang)必須(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)已(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)今(jin)(jin)天(tian)(tian)研究古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要材料(liao)(liao)(liao)。 春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)(yu)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配合(he)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)。《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)禮(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說：金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)六(liu)(liu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)：六(liu)(liu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、鼎(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi);五(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)斧斤(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi);四(si)(si)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戈戟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi);三(san)(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)居(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)刃(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi);五(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，而(er)(er)(er)居(ju)(ju)二(er)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)削(xue)殺(sha)(sha)矢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi);金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)半，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)。 這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)謂(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。所(suo)謂(wei)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)六(liu)(liu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)六(liu)(liu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)配方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。所(suo)謂(wei)“鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、鼎(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)85.71%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)14.29%。“斧斤(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)83.33%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.67%。“戈戟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)80%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)20%。“大(da)(da)(da)(da)刃(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”所(suo)需(xu)(xu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)75%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25%。“削(xue)殺(sha)(sha)矢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)二(er)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)71.43%，錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)28.57%。“鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，即(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)各(ge)(ge)(ge)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%。楊寬(kuan)先(xian)生(sheng)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規定(ding)(ding)各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)(hen)合(he)乎(hu)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”①青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17%到(dao)20%最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)堅(jian)(jian)韌。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說“斧斤(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.67%，“戈戟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)20%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斧、斤(jin)、戈、戟都(dou)需(xu)(xu)堅(jian)(jian)韌。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)30-40%，硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding)(ding)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)刃(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25%，“削(xue)殺(sha)(sha)矢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)28.75%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)高。青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)量(liang)增多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，光澤就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)從(cong)(cong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)色(se)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)赤黃(huang)(huang)色(se)、橙(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)、淡(dan)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)。錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)30-40%，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰白(bai)色(se)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規定(ding)(ding)“鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鼎(ding)(ding)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)14.29%，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)使(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)能(neng)(neng)呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)橙(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)較(jiao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)觀，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)敲出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。《考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》規定(ding)(ding)“鑒燧(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)”錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)需(xu)(xu)要白(bai)色(se)光澤。 考(kao)(kao)(kao)古發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)湖北隨(sui)縣出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曾侯墓編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紐(niu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)19件(jian)(jian)(jian)，甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)45件(jian)(jian)(jian)，楚王贈送的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)镈一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)①經(jing)測音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)知道(dao)，“這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)系七聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階，與(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)律相(xiang)(xiang)同，它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振動(dong)(dong)頻(pin)率也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)標準(zhun)相(xiang)(xiang)近，總音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域跨五(wu)個(ge)八(ba)(ba)度(du)(du)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)鋼(gang)琴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域兩端各(ge)(ge)(ge)少(shao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)八(ba)(ba)度(du)(du)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)優(you)美(mei)(mei)(mei)，音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域很(hen)(hen)寬(kuan)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)完(wan)(wan)備，能(neng)(neng)奏(zou)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曲(qu)調”②這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)組(zu)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)輝煌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)例(li)(li)(li)(li)證(zheng)。 《周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)禮(li)(li)(li)·考(kao)(kao)(kao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)記(ji)(ji)》說：“凡鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與(yu)(yu)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)黑濁(zhuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)竭，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)符(fu)合(he)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)學道(dao)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)混合(he)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)純物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質揮發(fa)(fa)(fa)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)產生(sheng)"黑濁(zhuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)"。錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)揮發(fa)(fa)(fa)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產生(sheng)“黃(huang)(huang)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)”。溫度(du)(du)再(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)揮發(fa)(fa)(fa)，又產生(sheng)“青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)”。到(dao)“青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)”出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)完(wan)(wan)全熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)冶(ye)(ye)煉完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，而(er)(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。荀子說：青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)“刑(型)范(fan)正(zheng)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)冶(ye)(ye)巧(qiao)，火(huo)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)”。③這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)說明鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)選(xuan)擇、冶(ye)(ye)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技(ji)巧(qiao)、火(huo)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握(wo)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)環(huan)節(jie)都(dou)要掌握(wo)好，才能(neng)(neng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。 春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步(bu)，突出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)兩項(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，所(suo)謂(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)(qian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)絲，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)案或(huo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，當時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)楚、宋等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)錯金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)(mei)術(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)片金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)錯圖(tu)(tu)案，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，而(er)(er)(er)且也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)符(fu)節(jie)、璽(xi)印(yin)、車(che)(che)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、帶(dai)鉤和(he)(he)(he)漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)扣上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)刻(ke)鏤(lou)畫像(xiang)(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壺(hu)、柸、鑒、奩(lian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)細(xi)如(ru)(ru)發(fa)(fa)(fa)絲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻(ke)鏤(lou)畫像(xiang)(xiang)圖(tu)(tu)畫，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水陸攻戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、狩獵、宴(yan)樂(le)禮(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)畫。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)圖(tu)(tu)畫是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)(hou)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)刀刻(ke)鏤(lou)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)：指戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)末(mo)(mo)年(nian)(nian)至秦(qin)(qin)漢(han)(han)末(mo)(mo)年(nian)(nian)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。經(jing)過(guo)幾(ji)百年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兼(jian)并(bing)(bing)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭及(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)富國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、強(qiang)(qiang)兵(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)革，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)郡縣制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)封制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央集權性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封建社會(hui)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)終建立，傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)(li)(li)儀(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)已(yi)(yi)徹底瓦(wa)解，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品已(yi)(yi)廣(guang)泛使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。社會(hui)各(ge)(ge)(ge)領域均(jun)(jun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)翻(fan)天(tian)(tian)覆地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)。 青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社會(hui)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)逐(zhu)漸下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降，器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)日用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)到(dao)某些(xie)(xie)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，精(jing)美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)陜西(xi)臨(lin)潼秦(qin)(qin)始皇陵掘獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩乘(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)車(che)(che)馬(ma)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)乘(cheng)駕四(si)(si)馬(ma)，車(che)(che)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)棚(peng)，御(yu)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)坐狀。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩乘(cheng)車(che)(che)馬(ma)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)與(yu)(yu)實(shi)際(ji)合(he)乎(hu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)(li)(li)(li)，極(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)精(jing)巧(qiao)。車(che)(che)馬(ma)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，通(tong)體(ti)施以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)彩繪。第(di)二(er)乘(cheng)馬(ma)，長3.17、高1.06米(mi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迄(qi)今(jin)(jin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)、結(jie)構(gou)又最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。 到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)東(dong)漢(han)(han)末(mo)(mo)年(nian)(nian)，陶(tao)(tao)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)到(dao)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社會(hui)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)日益重(zhong)(zhong)要，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)把(ba)(ba)日用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)皿(min)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排擠出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)去。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)兵(bing)(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)(zao)已(yi)(yi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)主(zhu)(zhu)導地位(wei)。隋(sui)唐時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)精(jing)美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。自此以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)外(wai)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說不(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)什么發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)，因(yin)而(er)(er)(er)本網對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究，至隋(sui)唐為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止。

一(yi)、神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)圣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始宗(zong)教信仰(yang)。 三星(xing)堆文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮階段，在三星(xing)堆遺址內(nei)外發現了(le)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)坑(keng)，埋藏(zang)著大量奇異精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)(wu)，目前己基本認定(ding)是(shi)(shi)祭(ji)祀坑(keng)。其中(zhong)1986年(nian)(nian)一(yi)號(hao)坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)420多(duo)(duo)(duo)件(jian)，二號(hao)坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)1100多(duo)(duo)(duo)件(jian)，1929年(nian)(nian)月亮灣器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)400多(duo)(duo)(duo)件(jian)，1987年(nian)(nian)倉包(bao)包(bao)祭(ji)祀坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)40多(duo)(duo)(duo)件(jian)，1976年(nian)(nian)高駢器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)10余件(jian)，1990年(nian)(nian)鹽亭麻秧器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)10多(duo)(duo)(duo)件(jian)。這(zhe)些祭(ji)祀坑(keng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)種類(lei)繁(fan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，但就(jiu)其性質(zhi)而言大都與宗(zong)教祭(ji)祀禮(li)(li)(li)儀活動有關，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)組成(cheng)批專門用于祭(ji)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)(wu)。 祭(ji)祀坑(keng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文物(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分為(wei)(wei)人(ren)像(xiang)、神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)、神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)樹祭(ji)壇、靈(ling)獸(shou)、禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、祭(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等幾大類(lei)。人(ren)像(xiang)類(lei)包(bao)括各種按(an)真(zhen)人(ren)大小用寫(xie)實手法制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅像(xiang)，如通(tong)高2、6米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)(li)人(ren)像(xiang)、數(shu)十件(jian)人(ren)頭像(xiang)、跪坐或站(zhan)立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)像(xiang)等等，它們(men)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)參加或主(zhu)(zhu)持祭(ji)祀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巫師(shi)、首領乃至國王。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)類(lei)包(bao)括各種青銅面(mian)具(ju)和眼形飾(shi)件(jian)，如寬達1、38米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突目大面(mian)具(ju)、成(cheng)對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勾(gou)云飾(shi)突目面(mian)具(ju)、數(shu)十件(jian)可(ke)懸掛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半圓形面(mian)具(ju)、以(yi)(yi)及人(ren)面(mian)像(xiang)、獸(shou)面(mian)具(ju)等，是(shi)(shi)用夸張變形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手法塑造(zao)出(chu)令人(ren)崇(chong)敬供人(ren)膜拜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)，可(ke)能(neng)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)祖先始祖之神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)樹有大小八株，最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高達4米(mi)，上面(mian)有鳥、龍、仙果等神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)物(wu)(wu)；神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)壇數(shu)件(jian)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用靈(ling)獸(shou)、祭(ji)師(shi)、神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)殿(dian)構成(cheng)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)祀場面(mian)，表達了(le)天地人(ren)三界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宇宙觀(guan)念。動物(wu)(wu)造(zao)型種類(lei)繁(fan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，形態生動，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做成(cheng)人(ren)首鳥身等形式，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有鳥、魚、蛇、虎(hu)、龍、鳳等。禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)包(bao)括以(yi)(yi)尊、壘為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和以(yi)(yi)玉璋、玉璧(bi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉石禮(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。祭(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)祭(ji)祀中(zhong)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)和物(wu)(wu)品，如甕、盤、盞、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)座(zuo)等陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，象牙、海(hai)貝等物(wu)(wu)品

這(zhe)些器(qi)物都蘊含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵 和(he)意(yi)識觀(guan)(guan)念，構成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)獨特(te)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)始宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)體(ti)系。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)始宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬物有(you)(you)(you)(you)靈(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)神(shen)(shen)(shen)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)為(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括對天地萬物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、對氏族標志(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、對始祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)輩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)或階段。三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)繁(fan)榮(rong)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)始宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)發展到(dao)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)前所未有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度，融(rong)合了(le)(le)多方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵，并且(qie)通(tong)(tong)過具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物造(zao)(zao)型反映(ying)了(le)(le)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)。其中(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)樹”崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)為(wei)集(ji)中(zhong)代表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對天然(ran)物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“自(zi)然(ran)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)”觀(guan)(guan)念；以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“魚、鳥”崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)為(wei)突出(chu)特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)”習俗(su)；以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“眼睛”崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)形(xing)式表(biao)(biao)現出(chu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對“縱目神(shen)(shen)(shen)”蠶叢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)等(deng)等(deng)；并且(qie)通(tong)(tong)過以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)雕像(xiang)(xiang)群(qun)體(ti)所表(biao)(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巫(wu)祭(ji)集(ji)團(tuan)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)主(zhu)持了(le)(le)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)祭(ji)祀(si)活(huo)動(dong)。這(zhe)些巫(wu)祭(ji)是處于(yu)(yu)人神(shen)(shen)(shen)中(zhong)介地位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊人員，是一(yi)(yi)(yi)切涉神(shen)(shen)(shen)功能(neng)、涉神(shen)(shen)(shen)需要(yao)、涉神(shen)(shen)(shen)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現者(zhe)和(he)組(zu)織(zhi)者(zhe)。“以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)然(ran)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、圖騰崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)、祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)崇(chong)拜(bai)(bai)(bai)為(wei)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)內容，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)巫(wu)祭(ji)集(ji)團(tuan)貫(guan)穿(chuan)起(qi)各種(zhong)(zhong)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)活(huo)動(dong)，構成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)精神(shen)(shen)(shen)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)框(kuang)架(jia)”。三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)祭(ji)祀(si)坑出(chu)土(tu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)(le)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)構架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生動(dong)寫(xie)照。 三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)遺址由于(yu)(yu)經常舉行宏大(da)而神(shen)(shen)(shen)圣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)祭(ji)祀(si)活(huo)動(dong)，加上它強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)實(shi)力(li)，吸(xi)引了(le)(le)遠近眾(zhong)多民族和(he)國家前來(lai)(lai)交往，使(shi)三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)古城(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)(le)多種(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交匯在一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古代文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)心。在祭(ji)祀(si)坑、墓葬、遺址出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物中(zhong)，己(ji)包(bao)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多遠方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因素(su)，如夏文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)（二(er)里頭文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅牌和(he)陶器(qi)）,商文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)（尊、壘等(deng)青銅禮(li)器(qi)和(he)璋、璧(bi)、戈、圭等(deng)玉石禮(li)器(qi)群(qun)）,良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(玉錐型器(qi)及琮、璧(bi)等(deng)禮(li)器(qi))等(deng)等(deng)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因素(su)可(ke)能(neng)與南亞(ya)乃至(zhi)(zhi)西亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古代文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關，如金(jin)杖、金(jin)面(mian)罩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，神(shen)(shen)(shen)樹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型，人像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑造(zao)(zao)等(deng)。經鑒定，三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)貝和(he)象牙主(zhu)要(yao)來(lai)(lai)源于(yu)(yu)東南亞(ya)及其沿海(hai)地區(qu)。三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)銅人像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象、裝束(shu)、大(da)小有(you)(you)(you)(you)很多不(bu)同，可(ke)能(neng)反映(ying)了(le)(le)參加祭(ji)祀(si)者(zhe)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)許多不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民族或群(qun)體(ti)，眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物雕像(xiang)(xiang)則可(ke)能(neng)是代表(biao)(biao)不(bu)同氏族部(bu)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖騰。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)其中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)良(liang)(liang)渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)[注5]。從總體(ti)上看，三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)本(ben)地文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因素(su)為(wei)主(zhu)發展起(qi)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而外(wai)來(lai)(lai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加入又大(da)大(da)促(cu)進三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)古蜀(shu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展進程。各種(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)往來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間和(he)情況(kuang)可(ke)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)同，但大(da)型宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)引力(li)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)凝聚作用(yong)(yong)或許是其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)因。三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)古城(cheng)大(da)約己(ji)經成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)多方(fang)(fang)朝覲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圣地，它以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)祭(ji)祀(si)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式實(shi)現了(le)(le)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合和(he)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮(rong)。正是多元文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撞擊和(he)融(rong)合，才創造(zao)(zao)出(chu)如此(ci)光彩奪目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)。 二(er)、神(shen)(shen)(shen)奇(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)杰作。 三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)(xing)堆(dui)(dui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)些精神(shen)(shen)(shen)內涵，是用(yong)(yong)高超(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)手(shou)法，通(tong)(tong)過具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)造(zao)(zao)型表(biao)(biao)現出(chu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由此(ci)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)批(pi)造(zao)(zao)型藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杰作，具有(you)(you)(you)(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)奇(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)態和(he)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感染力(li)，在中(zhong)國乃至(zhi)(zhi)世界美術(shu)(shu)史(shi)上留下燦爛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篇章。

三星堆文(wen)物(wu)中最令人(ren)(ren)(ren)驚嘆的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)數百件(jian)大小(xiao)青銅(tong)雕塑作品(pin)，包(bao)括(kuo)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)像(xiang)、小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)像(xiang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)頭像(xiang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)面(mian)具、神(shen)樹和(he)各種動(dong)物(wu)造型(xing)(xing)。通(tong)(tong)高(gao)2、6米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)像(xiang)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)體身高(gao)1、7米(mi)，比例勻(yun)稱，端莊嚴肅(su)，身披法(fa)衣，站(zhan)于祭(ji)臺之(zhi)上(shang)，是(shi)指(zhi)揮(hui)整(zheng)個祭(ji)祀活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)群巫之(zhi)長，也可能就是(shi)國王(wang)。這是(shi)一件(jian)寫實(shi)(shi)主義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)園雕精品(pin)，己(ji)具有(you)高(gao)座(zuo)紀念碑式的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術效果(guo)。通(tong)(tong)寬1、38米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)(xing)銅(tong)面(mian)具，則用(yong)變形(xing)夸張的(de)(de)(de)手法(fa)，使五(wu)官特別是(shi)眼睛極度(du)突(tu)出，表現了(le)(le)它作為(wei)神(shen)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)特有(you)氣(qi)質(zhi)，是(shi)一件(jian)浪漫主義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)杰出作品(pin)。高(gao)達4米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)樹，不僅(jin)是(shi)我國乃(nai)至世界(jie)上(shang)最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)單體青銅(tong)器之(zhi)一，而(er)(er)且(qie)用(yong)飄擺的(de)(de)(de)枝葉、驕(jiao)健的(de)(de)(de)巨龍、欲(yu)飛的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)鳥(niao)、鮮熟的(de)(de)(de)果(guo)實(shi)(shi)等奇物(wu)加以(yi)裝飾，突(tu)出了(le)(le)該樹作為(wei)天梯和(he)圣界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)特殊功能。動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)造型(xing)(xing)神(shen)態各異(yi)，而(er)(er)且(qie)都(dou)充滿了(le)(le)靈氣(qi)，其(qi)中有(you)一件(jian)雄雞昂(ang)首長鳴，形(xing)態極其(qi)生(sheng)動(dong)優(you)美。

從(cong)雕(diao)塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類來(lai)看，三(san)星堆文物(wu)中包括有(you)圓(yuan)雕(diao)、高(gao)浮(fu)雕(diao)、淺浮(fu)雕(diao)、片(pian)狀掛(gua)飾(shi)等種(zhong)，還(huan)有(you)線刻(ke)、透(tou)雕(diao)、裝飾(shi)附件(jian)等其他(ta)一(yi)些藝(yi)術(shu)表現形(xing)式(shi)。立人(ren)像、人(ren)頭像、銅樹等是圓(yuan)雕(diao)作品的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表，可以從(cong)不同的(de)(de)(de)角度進行(xing)觀瞻。人(ren)面具是一(yi)種(zhong)半圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)浮(fu)雕(diao)，可以高(gao)高(gao)懸掛(gua)起來(lai)，供人(ren)們從(cong)寬闊(kuo) 的(de)(de)(de)視角進行(xing)膜拜。獸面具和眼形(xing)飾(shi)件(jian)等淺浮(fu)雕(diao)是裝在平面上的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)品，有(you)單方面的(de)(de)(de)視覺效果。牌飾(shi)、魚形(xing)掛(gua)飾(shi)等是懸掛(gua)在器物(wu)上的(de)(de)(de)片(pian)狀作品。玉邊(bian)璋(zhang)上的(de)(de)(de)祭山圖(tu)是線刻(ke)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)杰出代(dai)表。

玉(yu)璋頂端(duan)的(de)(de)小鳥則是用透(tou)雕方(fang)法制作而成的(de)(de)。三星堆時(shi)期的(de)(de)造型藝術(shu)手法己經達到(dao) 了相當完備的(de)(de)程度。

三星堆(dui)藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)奇之處還在(zai)于(yu)它具(ju)(ju)有(you)深(shen)刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵(han)。這(zhe)些藝(yi)術作(zuo)品(pin)是(shi)在(zai)宗(zong)教祭祀(si)(si)活動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)貢(gong)獻給神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圣(sheng)(sheng)潔之物(wu)，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)達對神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信仰與(yu)崇(chong)(chong)敬，因而蘊含著(zhu)人(ren)們(men)深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感和(he)(he)愿望，被塑造(zao)得極其生動(dong)(dong)而怪異。前面(mian)講(jiang)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始宗(zong)教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方(fang)面(mian)和(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容，都是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術形(xing)(xing)式(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)巫(wu)師祭司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一百(bai)多(duo)件雕像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)(he)線刻人(ren)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，每件人(ren)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)、形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)、裝束、位(wei)置(zhi)又(you)(you)各有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，分別(bie)(bie)放置(zhi)于(yu)廣場或廳堂、神(shen)(shen)樹、神(shen)(shen)殿、祭山(shan)(shan)儀式(shi)等(deng)(deng)特(te)(te)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境之中(zhong)(zhong)，既反映出(chu)他(ta)(ta)們(men)在(zai)宗(zong)教祭祀(si)(si)活動(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)身份和(he)(he)職能，又(you)(you)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)了他(ta)(ta)們(men)是(shi)來自不(bu)同(tong)(tong)民族(zu)(zu)、地區、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)社會(hui)(hui)等(deng)(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巫(wu)師或酋長，成為研究當時社會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)資料(liao)。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)神(shen)(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型面(mian)具(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)眼形(xing)(xing)飾件，則被制作(zuo)成個體(ti)巨大、眼睛夸張、神(shen)(shen)態莊(zhuang)重，上百(bai)件一起(qi)(qi)被組裝懸掛起(qi)(qi)來，形(xing)(xing)成強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教氣氛。他(ta)(ta)們(men)通過(guo)(guo)“眼睛崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)”表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)了對以(yi)“縱目”為主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)始祖神(shen)(shen)蠶(can)叢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)；而這(zhe)種巨眼高(gao)懸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，有(you)可能還是(shi)古代“蜀”字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)源(yuan)所據。作(zuo)為主(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)氏族(zu)(zu)部落圖騰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數十種動(dong)(dong)物(wu)雕像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，分別(bie)(bie)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)了參加祭祀(si)(si)活動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)民族(zu)(zu)集(ji)團(tuan)。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)們(men)還能通過(guo)(guo)一些具(ju)(ju)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體(ti)來表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示地下、人(ren)間、天(tian)上等(deng)(deng)宇宙觀(guan)念，并(bing)且將它們(men)組合(he)在(zai)一起(qi)(qi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)“三界”之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，反映出(chu)對天(tian)地人(ren)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)。通過(guo)(guo)高(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹木和(he)(he)鮮活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鳥獸、奇異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飾件，又(you)(you)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)出(chu)神(shen)(shen)樹具(ju)(ju)有(you)天(tian)梯(ti)和(he)(he)圣(sheng)(sheng)地等(deng)(deng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵(han)，使其在(zai)祭祀(si)(si)儀式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)占有(you)特(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)。他(ta)(ta)們(men)還能用(yong)(yong)構圖復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組畫，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)“祭山(shan)(shan)”等(deng)(deng)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀(si)(si)活動(dong)(dong)場面(mian)。 注重人(ren)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)形(xing)(xing)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑造(zao)，用(yong)(yong)優(you)美(mei)生動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型藝(yi)術作(zuo)品(pin)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)達復雜而抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想感情(qing)，反映出(chu)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內(nei)(nei)(nei)涵(han)，是(shi)三星堆(dui)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個顯著(zhu)特(te)(te)征。在(zai)這(zhe)些藝(yi)術品(pin)之中(zhong)(zhong)蘊藏著(zhu)許多(duo)神(shen)(shen)奇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事和(he)(he)理念，有(you)待人(ren)們(men)去探尋。

事件(jian)回顧(gu)：隨著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)金面(mian)具殘片、鳥形金飾片、象(xiang)牙、玉(yu)(yu)琮等(deng)重(zhong)要(yao)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)出土，三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)考古發(fa)現頻繁登上熱搜(sou)。有意思的(de)(de)是，由于三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)遺(yi)址(zhi)目前(qian)不(bu)對外開放，距離遺(yi)址(zhi)不(bu)遠的(de)(de)三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)博物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)成(cheng)了新(xin)晉“網紅”打(da)卡(ka)地(di)。該(gai)館(guan)(guan)講解員告訴有關新(xin)聞記者，這幾(ji)天(tian)隨著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)爆(bao)火，即使是工(gong)作日，館(guan)(guan)內游(you)客數量(liang)也較(jiao)以往(wang)增長兩三(san)倍。清明長假第(di)一天(tian)，三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)博物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)更是達到15000人(ren)的(de)(de)最大(da)游(you)客承載量(liang)，創下歷史新(xin)高，接待游(you)客較(jiao)去(qu)年清明第(di)一天(tian)增長383%。 三(san)星堆(dui)(dui)(dui)博物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)兩個(ge)展(zhan)(zhan)館(guan)(guan)，其展(zhan)(zhan)示面(mian)積近12000平方米，分為第(di)一展(zhan)(zhan)館(guan)(guan)（綜合(he)館(guan)(guan)，陳(chen)列金、銅(tong)、玉(yu)(yu)、石(shi)、陶等(deng)類文物(wu)(wu)(wu)）和第(di)二展(zhan)(zhan)館(guan)(guan)（青(qing)銅(tong)專館(guan)(guan)）。下面(mian)主要(yao)介紹(shao)館(guan)(guan)中(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)(de)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)：

進入(ru)館(guan)內(nei)(nei)，你絕對不會錯過一個(ge)“大(da)高個(ge)”。他通(tong)(tong)高260.8厘米，重約(yue)180kg，是(shi)館(guan)內(nei)(nei)眾多(duo)青(qing)銅人(ren)像(xiang)(xiang)的領袖，是(shi)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)的鎮館(guan)之寶，是(shi)同(tong)時期(qi)世界上(shang)體量(liang)最大(da)的青(qing)銅人(ren)物(wu)雕像(xiang)(xiang)——青(qing)銅大(da)立人(ren)像(xiang)(xiang)。 不禁讓人(ren)好奇他的手(shou)中到底(di)握著(zhu)什么？ 通(tong)(tong)天(tian)神(shen)樹是(shi)另一件著(zhu)名的文物(wu)，通(tong)(tong)身用青(qing)銅制造(zao)，共有(you)一號通(tong)(tong)天(tian)神(shen)樹和二號通(tong)(tong)天(tian)神(shen)樹兩棵神(shen)樹。通(tong)(tong)天(tian)神(shen)樹分(fen)(fen)三層(ceng)，每層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)延伸3個(ge)樹枝(zhi)，共九(jiu)枝(zhi)，每枝(zhi)朝不同(tong)方向彎(wan)成弓形(xing)，上(shang)面掛滿(man)了“果實”，上(shang)面有(you)9個(ge)金烏神(shen)鳥，是(shi)古蜀人(ren)根據“十日(ri)傳說”制造(zao)的一件青(qing)銅器。

確實如果自(zi)己親(qin)自(zi)來館(guan)參觀視覺沖擊上會比網絡上的更加立(li)體和震(zhen)撼，不(bu)禁會感嘆三千年前祖先(xian)們(men)高超的技藝或獨(du)特的審美。同時三星堆作為華夏璀璨文明中的一部(bu)分(fen)，也是(shi)值得(de)我們(men)大眾去了解(jie)。

最后(hou)筆者歡迎大家來四(si)川廣漢(han)三星(xing)堆參觀。