銅塑(su)工(gong)藝品一般不是純銅。

青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，因(yin)為(wei)它們添加(jia)(jia)了別的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬，改(gai)變了一些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)質。中國古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器非常(chang)有(you)名，歐洲很多銅(tong)(tong)(tong)雕塑都(dou)是(shi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。雕塑有(you)時(shi)也使用(yong)黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。一般(ban)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)都(dou)是(shi)紫色的(de)(de)(de)，也叫紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，加(jia)(jia)入鉛鋅鎳鐵等就會改(gai)變其顏色特(te)性。市(shi)面(mian)上我們常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)不是(shi)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

銅(tong)有生(sheng)熟之分，做戒指用生(sheng)銅(tong)好(hao)。

金(jin)屬銅(tong)(tong)，元(yuan)素符號(hao)Cu，原子量63、54，比重8、92，熔點1083℃。銅(tong)(tong)冶煉(lian)(lian)技(ji)術的(de)發展經(jing)歷了漫(man)長的(de)過程，但至今銅(tong)(tong)的(de)冶煉(lian)(lian)仍(reng)以火法冶煉(lian)(lian)為(wei)主，就是先將含銅(tong)(tong)百分(fen)之幾(ji)或(huo)(huo)千分(fen)之幾(ji)的(de)原礦石，通(tong)(tong)過選(xuan)礦提高到(dao)20－30％，作為(wei)銅(tong)(tong)精礦，在(zai)密(mi)閉(bi)鼓風爐(lu)、反射爐(lu)、電爐(lu)或(huo)(huo)閃速(su)爐(lu)進行造(zao)锍熔煉(lian)(lian)，產(chan)出的(de)熔锍(冰銅(tong)(tong))接著送入轉爐(lu)進行吹(chui)煉(lian)(lian)成(cheng)粗銅(tong)(tong)，也就是人們(men)通(tong)(tong)常所說的(de)“生銅(tong)(tong)”。“生銅(tong)(tong)”的(de)韌性、組織致(zhi)密(mi)性均較差，通(tong)(tong)常用于(yu)鑄造(zao)水龍(long)頭、閥(fa)門、水表(biao)的(de)殼體、藝術雕塑等產(chan)品。美國通(tong)(tong)常把銅(tong)(tong)含量低于(yu)94、5%的(de)生銅(tong)(tong)叫2號(hao)銅(tong)(tong)（已被各國所沿用）。

若將(jiang)生銅(tong)置于(yu)反射爐內經過氧化(hua)精煉脫雜，或(huo)鑄成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陽極(ji)板進行電解，就(jiu)能(neng)獲得品(pin)位高達(da)99、9％的(de)(de)電解銅(tong)，即純(chun)銅(tong)或(huo)紫(zi)銅(tong)（呈淺玫瑰色(se)或(huo)淡紅色(se)，若表面形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氧化(hua)銅(tong)膜后，外(wai)觀呈紫(zi)紅色(se)而得名），就(jiu)是我們通(tong)常所說(shuo)的(de)(de)“熟銅(tong)”。美國把(ba)含Cu量大(da)于(yu)99%的(de)(de)銅(tong)材叫做1號(hao)銅(tong)，市(shi)場上所說(shuo)的(de)(de)1號(hao)銅(tong)就(jiu)是熟銅(tong)。銅(tong)具有許(xu)多可貴(gui)的(de)(de)物理化(hua)學特性(xing)，例如其熱(re)導率(lv)(lv)和電導率(lv)(lv)都很(hen)高，化(hua)學穩定性(xing)強(qiang)，抗(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)大(da)，易(yi)熔接，具抗(kang)蝕性(xing)、可塑(su)性(xing)、延展性(xing)。純(chun)銅(tong)可拉成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)細的(de)(de)銅(tong)絲，制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)薄的(de)(de)銅(tong)箔。

使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)歷史(shi)我國(guo)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)開(kai)始(shi)于(yu)明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間. 　　“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)詞最(zui)(zui)早(zao)見(jian)(jian)于(yu)西漢(han)(han)東方朔(shuo)所撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《申(shen)異經(jing)·中(zhong)(zhong)荒經(jing)》:“西北有(you)宮,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)墻(qiang),題日地皇之宮.” 　　這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),待考(kao).《新唐書·食(shi)貨志》又(you)有(you)‘青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”、“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱謂,分別指(zhi)礦石(shi)(shi)顏色和冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)產(chan)品(pin),并非(fei)現在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錫合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin).宋人洪咨夔撰(zhuan)《大(da)冶(ye)(ye)賦》中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)有(you)“其(qi)為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也,坑有(you)殊名(ming),山多眾樸(pu)”,指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)火(huo)法(fa)煉(lian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong). 　　黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)詞專指(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),則(ze)始(shi)于(yu)明(ming)代,其(qi)記(ji)載見(jian)(jian)于(yu)《明(ming)會(hui)典》:“嘉靖中(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)例,通寶錢(qian)(qian)(qian)六百萬文(wen),合(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)二火(huo)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)四萬七千(qian)二百七十二斤(jin)…….”通過對(dui)明(ming)代銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析,發(fa)現《明(ming)會(hui)典》中(zhong)(zhong)所說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)真正意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現較(jiao)其(qi)它(ta)(ta)幾種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)晚很多,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲得(de)(de)比較(jiao)困(kun)難. 　　氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)950℃一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)1000℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高溫下才能較(jiao)快地被還(huan)原成(cheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),而液態鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)906℃時(shi)已經(jing)沸(fei)騰,所以(yi)還(huan)原得(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)以(yi)蒸氣(qi)狀存在(zai)(zai)(zai).在(zai)(zai)(zai)冷卻時(shi)反應逆轉,蒸氣(qi)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)為(wei)(wei)爐中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)再氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),因此要(yao)(yao)得(de)(de)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)必須有(you)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冷凝裝置.這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)比銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、鉛(qian)、錫、鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)晚得(de)(de)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現較(jiao)晚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi). 　　但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)姜寨仰韶文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址中(zhong)(zhong)曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)有(you)含鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)量(liang)超過20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)片(pian)和黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管,山東膠縣三里(li)(li)河(he)龍山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地層中(zhong)(zhong)也曾出(chu)(chu)(chu)土(tu)兩種(zhong)(zhong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錐.顯而易見(jian)(jian),這(zhe)(zhe)些黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現并不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說人們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)史(shi)前就(jiu)掌握了黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)技術,而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)共生礦時(shi)無意中(zhong)(zhong)獲得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de). 　　商周時(shi)期(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)量(liang)都很低,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-z數(shu)量(liang)級.西漢(han)(han)、新莽(mang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)板(ban)個別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)甘金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)錢(qian)(qian)(qian),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)達到7%,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)并不能說明(ming)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)產(chan)生于(yu)西漢(han)(han)新莽(mang)之際.因為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)極個別現象,其(qi)含鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)量(liang)又(you)普(pu)遍較(jiao)真正意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)量(liang)15%一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)40%要(yao)(yao)小(xiao)得(de)(de)多.所以(yi)我們(men)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)些含鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)代在(zai)(zai)(zai)“即山鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)”中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)共生礦時(shi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de).據對(dui)有(you)關(guan)礦山進(jin)行(xing)(xing)調查后(hou)發(fa)現,山東的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昌(chang)濰、煙臺、臨沂(yi)及湖北等地都有(you)資源(yuan)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)共生礦,這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)使(shi)(shi)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)部分鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin).到了唐代,由于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua),使(shi)(shi)所鑄(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)恒量(liang). 　　從約公(gong)元 1230 年(nian)起,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)歐洲流行(xing)(xing)了約 300 年(nian)之久,因為(wei)(wei)它(ta)(ta)們(men)比大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑品(pin)便宜(yi)得(de)(de)多.始(shi)于(yu) 1231 年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威(wei)爾普(pu)大(da)主教的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人們(men)所知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang).鑄(zhu)(zhu)造黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：先(xian)把粉碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)礦和木炭跟銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)塊混合(he)(he)(he)(he)起來加熱,使(shi)(shi)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)結合(he)(he)(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,再加熱使(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)熔(rong)融,然后(hou)將銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液灌入鑄(zhu)(zhu)模(mo).英國(guo)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從圖爾內(nei)進(jin)口(kou).委(wei)托人可以(yi)從圖爾內(nei)訂購已經(jing)裝在(zai)(zai)(zai)漂(piao)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)板(ban)或大(da)理石(shi)(shi)底(di)座(zuo)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)碑(bei).制(zhi)作銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)墓(mu)碑(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang),通常還(huan)要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)好周圍挑棚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剪影(ying),再把它(ta)(ta)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)預制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)板(ban)里(li)(li),用(yong)(yong)(yong)刀子在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)刻出(chu)(chu)(chu)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細部.有(you)時(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手和面(mian)部要(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雪花石(shi)(shi)膏或其(qi)他(ta)鑲嵌材料(liao).銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)安全做(zuo)好后(hou),用(yong)(yong)(yong)裝在(zai)(zai)(zai)鉛(qian)栓(shuan)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暗銷固定在(zai)(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)頭底(di)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang).銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)本身放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層瀝青(qing)上(shang)(shang).很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)像(xiang)就(jiu)分段(duan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造,然后(hou)接合(he)(he)(he)(he)起來.

一(yi)(yi)、工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不同1、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)：鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)河(he)南大山有色(se)金屬(shu)(shu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)雕(diao)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)采用失蠟(la)法鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，簡單來說它(ta)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)高溫爐里(li)熔煉成(cheng)符(fu)合一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)體，然后(hou)澆筑進模(mo)具鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)里(li)，經冷(leng)(leng)卻凝固、清整(zheng)處理后(hou)得到(dao)有和模(mo)具一(yi)(yi)樣形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、尺寸(cun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)雕(diao)塑藝(yi)術品(pin)。2、鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)：金屬(shu)(shu)液(ye)(ye)先(xian)低速或(huo)高速鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)充型(xing)進模(mo)具的(de)(de)型(xing)腔內，模(mo)具有活動的(de)(de)型(xing)腔面，它(ta)隨著金屬(shu)(shu)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻過(guo)程加壓鍛造(zao)(zao)，既消除毛坯的(de)(de)縮孔(kong)縮松缺陷，也(ye)使(shi)毛坯的(de)(de)內部組織達到(dao)鍛態的(de)(de)破碎(sui)晶粒。區別鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)最好方法是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)表面輕輕敲(qiao)打，鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)敲(qiao)起來感覺薄一(yi)(yi)些。因為鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)那(nei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)加熱銅(tong)(tong)(tong)片(pian)(pian)，利用金屬(shu)(shu)延展性，用工(gong)(gong)具敲(qiao)擊銅(tong)(tong)(tong)片(pian)(pian)造(zao)(zao)型(xing);鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)那(nei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做蠟(la)模(mo)，然后(hou)往模(mo)具里(li)面澆灌銅(tong)(tong)(tong)水，冷(leng)(leng)卻而來的(de)(de)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)金屬(shu)(shu)融化后(hou)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態物倒入(ru)事先(xian)做好的(de)(de)模(mo)具中使(shi)其冷(leng)(leng)卻，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)過(guo)程工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上叫翻砂(sha)(sha)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)叫鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)般用在(zai)翻砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)以及翻砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)生產(chan)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)中。而鍛則是(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)金屬(shu)(shu)加熱到(dao)軟化的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態，通過(guo)外(wai)力擊打，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)所需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)上把(ba)這一(yi)(yi)過(guo)程叫鍛造(zao)(zao)。其產(chan)品(pin)叫鍛件(jian)。二、原材(cai)料(liao)不同1、鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)：中空陶殼(ke)被放(fang)入(ru)燒結(jie)爐依(yi)不同金屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)以1000℃-1150℃燒結(jie)，將(jiang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)立(li)刻鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)陶殼(ke)，冷(leng)(leng)卻后(hou)將(jiang)外(wai)層陶殼(ke)震破，剝離出來的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)質的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)粗胚(pei)體。2、鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)：以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)板為主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)原材(cai)料(liao)，內附鋼骨架支(zhi)撐(cheng)，部分復雜雕(diao)塑需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)作一(yi)(yi)比(bi)一(yi)(yi)模(mo)具進行鍛造(zao)(zao)，部分簡單造(zao)(zao)型(xing)可以根據河(he)南大山有色(se)金屬(shu)(shu)放(fang)型(xing)骨架鍛造(zao)(zao)。

京東(dong)上賣的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)師傅(fu)擺件真的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)師傅(fu)是(shi)(shi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)，從創意(yi)設計到(dao)原型雕塑，從制模焙燒到(dao)精鑄(zhu)打(da)磨以及高溫著(zhu)色等多(duo)達60多(duo)道工(gong)(gong)序，全部由純(chun)手工(gong)(gong)完成，作品(pin)雕塑師是(shi)(shi)各大美術院校的(de)(de)(de)高材生和(he)民(min)間(jian)藝人，均具有十多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)雕塑從業經歷。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)師傅(fu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)家主打(da)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直電商品(pin)牌，在(zai)京東(dong)合(he)作的(de)(de)(de)平臺上，“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)師傅(fu)”工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)純(chun)手工(gong)(gong)打(da)造，以絲(si)絲(si)入微的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝，凝練出方寸間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)張弛氣度，隸屬于(yu)杭(hang)州璽(xi)匠文化創意(yi)股份有限公司。所以京東(dong)上賣的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)師傅(fu)擺件真的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。